THE ARTICLES. (Distance Learning at Home)

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Updated 2/5/2020




Usually we divide articles in two groups-

1.Indefinite Article- A, An are indefinite articles. They are used before singular countable nouns.
Example-  a book, a dog, an apple, a university, an interesting story etc.

 A' is used before those singular nouns which start from the 'CONSONANT SOUND'
AN' is used before those singular nouns which start from the' VOWEL SOUND'

Examples-
  --A----- one-eyed boy
  --A------- fat boy.
----A-----unique story.
-----An---umbrella
---A----European
----A-----University
----A-----unanimous vote.
----An-----honest boy

We do not use indefinite  article in following cases-
1) before plural nouns-   A boys - A is wrong
ii) before material nouns-   air ,water, wool, iron, gold, bronze, wood, silver, etc.
     ---x--- Air is essential for life. Here article is not used before air. Similarly-
---x--- Water is very valuable.
 --x-- Gold is a precious metal.
But if material noun is used in some specific sense we  use article-'the' as explained in latter sentences.
The Gold used in this ring is very special.
वह सोना जो इस अंगुठी  मेंं प्रयोग किया गया है वह बहुत स्पेशल है।( हम विशेष की बात कर रहे हैं।)
Similarly
We say
Water is essential for life. Water से पहले artical is not used क्योंकि सामान्य बात हो रही है।but if we say- इस जग मेंं रखा पानी बहुत ठंडा है।
The water in this jug is very chilled. Here we talk of a particular water . So 'the' is used before it.


iii) lunch, breakfast, dinner आदि से पहले कोई article नहीं लगाया जाता। परन्तु विशेष भोजन होतो article the लगाया जाता है।
उदाहरण-i) I usually do not take ---x----- lunch.
 ii) We arranged --x--- dinner for the guest.
iii).  They came to me when I was taking--x-- breakfast.
IV) खेल के नाम से पहले भी कोई आर्टिकल नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे- ---x--- Football is an expensive game.
But if we use match with football, then 'a'
Article is used.e.g.
I) I saw a football match.
5 बीमारियों के नाम से पहले Artical नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे-
 --- Cancer is a fatal disease.
   He suffers from --- Malaria.
6. College, school, hospital आदि के नाम से पहले कोई artical नहीं लगाया जाता यदि इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया गया हो। for example-
He goes to ...x....school daily. He is a student.
Yesterday I didn't go to ----x ...college.
The patient was taken to ..x...hospital

But if we use them in particular sense or for a particular purpose, we use Artical' the' before them. For example-

I went to the hospital to see my friend who was admitted there.

7. Difference between the English and English
The English are hardworking people.
English is an easy language.





2. Definite Article - 'The ' is called definite article. It is used before those nouns which are specified or unique or which have been mentioned earlier.
Example-  The Earth moves round the sun.
The following things carry article the before them.
1. Name of Newspapers:-
  The Tribune is published from Chandigarh.
 Similarly , The Times of India, The Hindu, The Economic Times, The National Herald.
2.  Name of Magazines:-
    The Review, The Debonair, The Pratiyogita Darpan, The Competition Sucess.
3. The names of Rivers
 The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Satluz
4 The names of Mountains:-
The Himalayas, The Vindhyachal
5 The names of Oceans-:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean.
6. Before the names of heavenly bodies
Example- the sun, the moon, the earth etc
7 दिशाओं के नाम से पहले यदि preposition हो- जैसे:-
In the east, in the north etc. लेकिन यदि preposition न हो तो article नहीं लगाया जाता।
जैसे:- East or West home is the best.
8. Before the names of trains, ships, airlines
Example- The Frontier Mail, The Satabdi Express, The Indian Airlines, The Taj Express, The Vikrant,
9 Before the names of dams
Example - The Bhakta Dam, The Sardar Sarovar Dam
10 Before the names of Islands , deserts and canals
Example.,- The Andaman Nicobar Islands, the Sahara Desert, the Thar Desert, the Panama Canal, The Nehru Canal
11. Religious books
 The Gita, the Ramayan, The Bible
12  Nations- The English  अंग्रेज लोग
 The French  फ्रांसीसी लोग। यहाँ अन्तर जानिए :- यदि article न लगाया जाए तो अर्थ बदल जाता है:-
I like English , it means I like English language.
If I say , I like the English. It means I like the English people.
13. Historical places-
The Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, The Golden Temple
14 Political Parties.
The Bhartiya Janta Party, The Congress, The Lok Dal
15 Historical events, battles etc
The battle of Plassey, the battle of Panipat, the battle of Waterloo
16.  In such phrases
In the morning, in the evening , in the afternoon.
But we say -:  at noon, at night, at day break etc
17 Superlative degree:- the best, the strongest, the most intelligent .
 Sometimes we use 'the' before comparative degrees of adjective -:
Example:- The higher you go, the cooler it becomes.जितना ऊपर जाएंगे, उतनी ही ठंड बढेगी।
The more, the merrier.
The older he grew, the worse he became. In these sentences we see that there is comparison between two states of degrees.
18. All व  both के बाद तथा whole, same से पहले - जैसे,-
All the boys are present in the class.
The whole class was present.
19.  Cardinal numbers
 The first, the second, the third ...
20. प्राय व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा से पहले article नहीं लगता, लेकिन पूरे कुल को बताने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग करते हैं। The Sharmas, the Bhakers, the Guptas  The Nehrus etc.
Note- sometimes, article 'a' is used before a proper noun . Example
A Rajeev was asking for you.  इस वाक्य का अर्थ यह है कि (एक राजीव नाम का व्यक्ति आपको पूछ रहा था।)
यहाँ स्पष्ट है कि वक्ता राजीव को नहीं जानता।
कई बार proper nounको common noun बनाने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:-
Kalidas is called the Shakespeare of India .

Exercise 1 for students.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate article where necessary-:

a) It is not .... easy task
b) My mother gave me .... ten rupee note
c)  I bought two...…. inkpots.
d)  ... Gita is holy book of .... Hindus.
e).  ... Gita is ... intelligent girl .
f) .... Indian Express is very popular these days.
g) My friend Sita is .... very honest girl
h) Rahul is not .... honest boy .
I) He goes to ...... University for higher studies.
j) This is .......  unique place
k) .....higher you go,...... cooler it becomes.
l)  I don't know ...... boy who came to the office yesterday.
m) .... Sun sets in.,...West.
n) They played on .....bank of ....Yamuna.
o) He came to me at..... noon .
p) .....Diwali is a festival of ... Hindus.
q) I met ....... European boy .
r) ......girl in red is my sister .
s) ......older he grows,........wiser he becomes.
t) ......rich should help......poor.

Ans 1an,b)a,c)x,d)the, the,e)X, an f), the g),a,h) an, I)a, j)a k) the, the l) the m) the, the, n) the,X o) X p) the, the q) a r) The,s) The, the t) The, the.

Exercise 2

1 I go to......school daily .I read in 12th class .
2. My father sometimes visits.....school to see the Principal.
3. He gave me...... five rupee note
4. It was .... Unique story.
5. He purchased ... new house.
6 . She is .... intelligent girl.
7.  I go  to.... temple daily.
8.  Sugar is sold forty rupees...kilo
9. My father brought ... basket of....eggs
10. I saw ..... European girl.

Note . Write the answers and show your teacher.