Comprehension (Indigo by Louis Fischer)

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     Passage-1

He had gone to the December 1916 annual convention of the Indian National Congress party in Lucknow. There were 2301 delegates and many visitors. During the proceedings, Gandhi recounted,"A peasant came up to me looking like any other peasant in India, poor and emaciated, and said," I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran , and I want you to come to my district !" Gandhi had never heard of the place. It was in the foothills of the towering Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal .

Difficult words- convention- अधिवेशन, delegates- प्रतिनिधि मंडल, proceedings- कार्यवाही,  recounted- याद किया, emaciated- very lean and thin (दुबला पतला) , peasant- किसान, towering- very large (विशालकाय)

Q1. Who does 'he' refer to in the passage?
Ans 'He' refers to Rajkumar Shukla. He was a poor peasant.

Q2. When did the annual convention of National Congress Party take place and where?
Ans It took place in 1916 in Lucknow.

Q3. How many delegates attend the convention?
Ans- 2301 delegates attended the convention.

Q4. Where did Rajkumar Shukla belong?
Ans He belonged to Champaran?

Q5. Where is  Champaran situated? Had Gandhi heard of this place?

Ans Champaran is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas. Gandhi had not heard of this place.
Q6-. Find the word from the passage which has same meaning as ''very large'.
Ans - very large- towering.

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Comprehension ( Rattrap)

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( only medicine to fight Corona).

Read the passage and answer the questions-

1. Once upon a time there was a man who went around selling small rattraps of wire. He made them himself at odd moments, from the material he got by begging in stores or at the big farms. But even so, the business was not especially profitable, so he had to resort to both begging and petty thievery to keep body and soul together. Even so, his clothes were in rags, his cheeks were sunken, and hunger gleamed in his eyes.

Difficult words- rattrap-चूहेदानी,  odd moments- spare time ( अतिरिक्त समय), Resort- support (here), Petty- small,  to keep body and soul together- to sustain ( जीवित रहना), in rags- worn and torn ( फटे पुराने)' gleamed -( it is second form of gleam which means चमकना) परन्तु यहाँ इसका अर्थ है - दिखना)

Questions-
 1. How did the man make rattraps?
2. When did he make rattraps?
3. Was his business profitable?
4. What did he do to sustain himself?
5. Which words or phrases in the passage indicate that he was very poor ?

Ans- 1. He made rattraps from the material he got  begging in old stores or at the big farms.
2. He made them at odd moments.
3. No, his business was not pofitable.
4. He resort to begging or petty thievery to sustain himself.
5. His clothes were in rags. His cheeks were sunken. Hunger gleamed in his eyes.

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Passage 2.

He had naturally been thinking of his rattraps when suddenly he was struck by the idea that the whole world about him- the whole world with its lands and seas, its cities and villages- was nothing but a big Rattrap. It had never existed for any other purpose than to set baits for people. It offered riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing, exactly as the rat trap offered cheese and pork, and as soon as anyone let himself be tempted to touch the bait, it enclosed on him, and then everything came to an end.

Difficult words- struck by the idea - idea came to his mind( उसके मन मेंं विचार आया) , bait- food used to trap a fish, rat or any other animal( किसी मछली ,चूहे या अन्य पशु को फँसाने के लिए प्रयोग किया गया भोजन), pork- meat of pig, tempt - ( प्रलोभित करना)

Questions
1.What idea came to his mind ? Who was he?
2. What are the temptations in the world that serve as a bait to trap a noble man? (संसार मेंं कौन से प्रलोभन हैं जो एक नेक इन्सान को फँसाने का काम करते हैं?)
3. What is used as a bait to tempt a fish?
4. How is this world a big Rattrap?
5. Find out from the passage the word which means' a device for catching rats'.
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Ans. 1. The idea came to his mind that the whole world about him was a big Rattrap. He was a peddler.

2. All the worldly things like riches, joy, food, clothing etc. serve as a bait to trap a noble man.

3. Pork and cheese

4. Just as a rat is trapped when it touches the piece of pork or cheese, similarly a noble man is tempted by worldly things and loses his goodness. In this way, this world is a big rattrap.

5.Rattrap.
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                     Passage 3.

The old man was just as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco. The guest was informed at once that in his days of prosperity his host had been a crofter at Ramsjo Ironworks and had worked on the land. Now that he was no longer able to do day labour, it was his cow which supported him. Yes, that bossy was extraordinary. She could give milk for the creamery every day, and last month he had received all of thirty kronor in payment.

Word meanings- Generous- kind( दयालु) , porridge. हलवा, prosperity- richness (समृद्धि), crofter- a person who has a small family farm ( छोटे फार्म का मालिक), bossy- cow, extraordinary- strange( अद्वितीय, बेमिसाल). Creamery - a place where cream is extracted from milk.( वह स्थान जहाँ दूध से क्रीम निकाला जाता है), kronor- currency of Sweden and Iceland( स्वीडन देश की मुद्रा)

Q 1. Who was the old man? How did he welcome the guest?(बूढ़ा व्यक्ति कौन था?  उसने मेहमान का स्वागत कैसे किया?)

Ans. The old man was a crofter. He lived alone in a wayside cottage. He welcomed the guest with porridge and tobacco.

Q2 Who is the guest referred to in this passage.

Ans- The Rattrap seller is the guest referred to here.

Q3. Where did the host work once?
Ans He worked at Ramsjo Ironworks.

Q4. How did the crofter sustain himself financially?

Ans- The crofter had a cow. He sold the milk to a creamery . Thus he supported himself financially.

Q5. How much money did the crofter earn by selling milk last month?
Ans- Thirty Kronor.

Q6- Find the word from the passage which is similar in meaning to ''cow"?
Ans- Bossy.

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                   Passage 4.

"Please don't think that I have such a funf home that you cannot show yourself there." He said.... "Elizabeth is dead, as you may have already heard. My boys are abroad, and there is no one at home except my eldest daughter and myself. We were just saying that it was too bad we don't have any company for Christmas. Now come along with me and help us make the Christmas food disappear a little faster." But the stranger said no, and no, and the ironmaster saw the he must give in

Word meanings- abroad - in a foreign country (विदेश में) , give in- हार मान लेना।

Q1. Who is the narrator in this passage? To whom is he speaking?

Ans The narrator is the ironmaster. He is speaking to the peddler.

Q2. What did the speaker say about his wife and children?

Ans- He said that his wife had already died and his children lived in a foreign country.

Q3. Was the narrator alone in his house?
Ans - No the narrator was not alone. His eldest daughter lived with him.

Q4. What invitation did the narrator offer to the stranger? Who was the stranger?
Ans- The narrator invited the stranger to stay with him over the Christmas Eve and have food. The stranger was a peddler. He sold rattraps.

Q5. Did the stranger accept the narrator's invitation?
Ans- The stranger did not accept the invitation.

Q6-. Find out the word from the passage which means "to surrender" or accept the defeat"
 Ans- Give in.

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The Pronoun ( level classes 6-8) by Manju

Students today we shall learn about ' The Pronoun). Pronoun को हिन्दी में सर्वनाम कहते हैं।

What is a pronoun? Describe its types.

Ans- The Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun in a sentence. ( सर्वनाम वह शब्द है जो वाक्य में संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
Types-
1. Personal pronouns
2. Interrogative pronouns
3. Relative pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns
5. Distributive pronouns
6. Indefinite pronouns
7. Reflexive pronouns
8. Reciprocal pronouns
9. Emphatic pronouns.
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1.Personal Pronouns-

Let's see the following sentences-
a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) Rohit reads in sixth class.
c)  Rohit's mother is a teacher.
d) I like Rohit.

उपरोक्त वाक्यों में Rohit( जो कि संज्ञा है)  का बार बार प्रयोग हुआ है। इस repetition ( बार बार प्रयोग) को रोकने के लिए हम pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं क्योंकि बार बार एक ही शब्द का प्रयोग अच्छा नहीं लगता।

उपरोक्त वाक्योंं में Rohit के स्थान पर pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं जैसे-

a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) He reads in sixth class.
c)  His mother is a teacher.
d)  I like him.

उपरोक्त वाक्यों मेंं रोहित एक personal noun है। इसके स्थान पर He , his या him का प्रयोग किया गया है। अतः personal Noun के स्थान पर जो pronoun use किए जाते हैं, उन्हें personal pronoun कहते हैं।
Personal pronouns तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।

1- First person pronouns-  I, We
2- Second person pronouns- You
3- Third person pronouns- He, she, it, they.

Forms of personal pronouns-

1.Subjective   2. Possessive 3. Objective
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     I.                       My, mine               Me
    We                    our, ours.              Us
     You.                 Your, yours .          You
     He                    His.                         Him
     She                   Her, hers               Her
      They               Their, theirs          Them
      It                       its                           It
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Functions of personal pronouns.

1. Subjective case is used as ''subject"
2. Possessive case is used to indicate the possession or relation.
3. Objective case is used as " object".

Exercise for students-1

Fill in the blanks using personal pronouns
1. She is .....sister.(me, my)
2. Ravi is going to Delhi to see ...... brother.(he,his,him)
3. I don't like......( they, their,them)
4. .....father is a wise man.
5. I don't need.... ( you,your,yours)
6. It is......(I, my,me)
7. My father brought some books. He gave.....to me. (It ,they,them,its)
Exercise no. 2.
Fill in the blanks using appropriate personal pronoun-
1. ......gave .....a book.
2. What is.......name?
3. ------ is a book.
4. Do ....like me?
5. ....brother is a player. She likes......
6. ........have done your best.
7. She  visited ....mother yesterday.
8. Will.......like to have this book?
9. Why are...... asking us for mercy?
10 Where is....brother today?
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2. Interrogative pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)
   Pronoun used for asking questions.
   Example- who, whose,whom,which,that

Note-1. who,whose,whom का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों के लिए, what का प्रयोग वस्तुओं के लिए तथा which का प्रयोग व्यक्ति या वस्तु दोनों के लिए किया जाता है।
2. Which का प्रयोग selection के लिए किया जाता है।
3. Who का प्रयोग subject के रूप मेंं।
4.  Whose का प्रयोग possessive रूप में।
5.  Whom का प्रयोग object के रूप में किया जाता है।
Example-
 Who teaches you English?
  Which is your book?
  Whom do you like?
   Whose book is this?
  What is your father?

Exercise -2 for Students-

Fill in the blanks using appropriate interrogative Pronoun

1. ....is your father?
2. ........are your books?
3. .........do you like?
4. .....one is your gift?
5. ......is your bag?
6. ....book is this?
7.  ..... brother is he?
8. .......shirt is costly?
9. .......did you meet?
10. ........friends were those?
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3. Relative pronouns (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम)- ये pronoun दो वाक्यों को जोड़ता है तथा अपने से पहले आने वाली noun से सम्बन्ध व्यक्त करता है।
Example- Who, whose,whom,that, which
Hint- for persons - we use who, whose, whom.
For things- we use which, that

I know the boy who broke the window.
I met the boy whose father is an M.P.
He gave me the book which he purchased yesterday.

Exercise for students-

Fill in the blanks using appropriate Relative Pronouns.(who, whom, whose, which, that)

1. He did not sell the car........... he purchased last year.
2. I know the man.........mother died in the accident.
3. It is she ..... is at fault.
4. Eat all..... is served to you.
5. Fine all..... are the wrong-doers.
6. Please show the present.....I liked yesterday.
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4. Demonstrative Pronouns:-