The Enemy

Humanity is the greatest religion .
(मानवता सबसे बड़ा धर्म है।)

Summary of the Lesson:-(The Enemy)

The Enemy' is a beautiful story of a Japanese doctor named Sadao. As a boy he was brought up very tenderly by his father who wanted him to become a doctor. So he was sent to America  for study of medicine and surgery. There he met a girl named Hana at an American professor's house. He was attracted towards the girl at first sight but he hesitated to propose her until he was sure that she was a Japanese because his father would not let him marry a girl of different clan. When it was sure that she was a Japanese, he married her in a traditional way. After completing his education , he returned to his country and joined military as a surgeon and  scientist. The world war was going on but he did not go with the troops, rather he stayed back for two reasons ; firstly, he was doing a  research on treatment of wounds and secondly, the old general was serious and might need an operation at any time.

One day he was standing on the steps of his house with his wife Hana. He saw the image of a man near his door steps in the sea. He proceeded to see who he was. He came to know that he was an American soldier who was badly wounded and needed an urgent treatment. As a doctor , it was his moral duty to save the life of a patient irrespective of his caste, creed, colour or clan; and as a patriot and nationalist, it was his duty to hand over the enemy's soldier to police. So he was in a conflict of his duty as a doctor to save the life of a patient , and as a patriot to hand over the enemy's soldier to police.

The story vividly explains the conflict going on in his mind. His servants deny to wash the soldier. Even his wife cooperates with him unwillingly.  But his inner voice guides him to perform his duty as a doctor. So he decides to tend  the wounded soldier. He operates upon him. Though he is in a great danger. He might be charged of treason for harbouring an enemy's soldier. Despite all risks, he heals the soldier. At last ,he  helps the soldier run away in a boat. Though he helps the enemy's soldier, yet we cannot call him unpatriotic. He performs his duty as a doctor very sincerely. He acts in a human way. We cannot help praising him.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Who was Dr. Sadao? Where was his house?

Ans. Dr. Sadao was a famous Japanese surgeon and scientist. His house was situated above a narrow beach on a Japanese coast. It was outlined with bent pines.

Q2. Will Dr.Sadao be arrested on the charge  of harbouring an Enemy?

Ans. Dr. Sadao had harboured an enemy's soldier. He could be charged of treason for this act . He could be arrested for such a grave crime. But he performed his duty as a  doctor in a nice manner. We cannot call him unpatriotic . He merely performed his duty as a doctor .

Q3. What was the chief concern (चिन्ता) of Sadao 's father and what did he do for it?

Ans. His chief concern was his education only. So he never joked or played with him. He wanted him to become a doctor. So he sent Sadao to American for the study of medicine and surgery.

Q4. Why was Sadao not sent abroad with the troops( सेना की टुकड़ी)?

Ans. Sadao was not sent with troops for two reasons. Firstly, he was perfecting a discovery that could make wounds entirely clean. Secondly, he was treating the old General who might need operation at any time.

Q5. Who was Hana? Where had Sadao met her?

Hana was Sadao 's wife. He had met her at the house of an American professor. He was attracted towards her. But did not fall in love with her until he was sure that she was a Japanese .

Q6. How did the foreign students feel at Professor Harley's house?

Ans. Professor Harley and his wife were kind people. They were ready to help their foreign students . But the students felt boredom. The rooms were small and food was also not good. Moreover, his wife was very talkative.

Q7. How did Sadao's Marriage with Hana take place?
Ans Sadao's Marriage with Hana took place in old Japanese traditional way.

Q8. What did Sadao and Hana see when they were standing at their door one misty(धुंध भरी) night?

Ans. They saw a man who was flung (फेंका गया)  out of the ocean. He seemed wounded (घायल) . He was crawling(रेंग रहा था) on his hands and knees.
Q9. In what condition did Sadao and Hana find the wounded man on the beach?

Ans. The man was in a bad condition. His face was smeared with  sand. His cap was battered. There was a bullet wound in his back and blood had coagulated (जम गया था) there. He was almost unconscious (बेहोश).

Q10 How did Yumi, the maid-servant , behave when Dr. Sadao asked her to wash the White man ?

Ans Yumi was Sadao's maid-servant . She looked after his children. She was very nice to the children. She refused to wash the White man.

Q11. What did Sadao notice about the White man's wound? How did he stop its bleeding?

Ans. Sadao noticed that it was a bullet wound that had reopened . It was bleeding now. To stop bleeding, he took some moss lying on the beach and put it into the wound.

Q12. "The kindest thing would be to put him back into the sea." Who says this and why?

Ans. Sadao's wife Hana says these words. She felt pity for the White man. They can not give him shelter in their house because they can be arrested for it. If they hand him over to police as a prisoner, he is sure to be killed. So the kindest thing would be to put him back into the sea .

Q13. How did the old general offer to help Sadao in getting rid of the white man?

Ans The General had his private assassins. He told Sadao that they were expert in eliminating anybody without leaving any trace. He offered them for Sadao.

Q14. Why did servants leave Sadao's house?

Ans:-  Sadao had harboured an American soldier in his house. Moreover, he asked the servants to wash the wounded soldier . The servants thought that it was an act of treason ( देशद्रोह) to help an American at such a moment when war was going on between America and Japan. So they left Sadao's house. 

Essay Type of Questions.

Q1. There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national vitality. Discuss with reference to the story, 'The Enemy'.

Ans. There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national loyalty. This statement aptly befits to the story 'The Enemy'. In this story Dr. Sadao, a Japanese surgeon, has to face the dilemma when he finds a wounded American soldier on his door steps. As a doctor, he was obliged to save his life but as a nationalist and a patriot , he was bound to hand over the soldier to Japanese police. But his conscience does not allow him to let the soldier fall in the hands of police and he helps the soldier in healing his wound. He operates upon the soldier and finally decides to make his safe escape in a boat. He might be charged of treason for helping an enemy but he takes that risk also for the sake of humanity. In spite of his act, we can not blame him of treason because he constantly talks of his duty as a patriot. In brief, we can say that Dr.Sadao choses what a doctor should chose in such circumstances.

An Elementary School in a Slum by Stephen Spender ( Analysis of the poem by Baljit Singh)

 An Elementary School in a Slum

Summary of the poem:-

*It is a short poem written by Stephen Spender. It explains the pathetic state of an elementary school situated in a slum. The poem also explains the class discrimination, political indifference and hollow educational ideology. The poet uses many images to highlight the pathetic life of the children grown up in slum. These children are berieved of basic amenities of life such as food, clothing and homes. The poet bitterly attacks  the teachers , governors, bureaucrats and political parties who are responsible for their plight. The poet calls upon the slum dwellers to break open the chains of slavery and move freely in the vast sky.

Q.1. How does the poet describe the faces of the children in the classroom?

Ans The faces of the children in the classroom are like rootless weeds. They lack vitality and vigour.

Q2. What is there on the walls of the classroom?

Ans There are some objects of donation on the walls . There is a picture of Shakespeare's bust. There are also pictures of cloudless dawn, Tyrolese valley and a cathedral domes These pictures only temt them to steal.

Q3.What does the poet say about the ' open-handed' map?

Ans. Open-handed' map has no significance in the life of poor children. It shows all the seas and lands in the world . Contrary to this , their world is limited to the slums.

Q4. Why does the poet say " Shakespeare is wicked-?
Ans The head of Shakespeare displayed on the walls of the school is worthless for the slum dwellers. It has no significance in their lives. It only temts them to steal. That's why the Shakespeare is wicked- for them

Q5.  Why has map been said to be a bad example

The world 's map does not show the slum dwellers their real world. It does not match their real world which is blotted with innumerable slums. That is why the map has been described as a bad example.

Q6. What does the poet want for the children of slums? How can their lives be improved?

Ans. The poet wants that the slum children should be taken out to green fields where they can play on gold sand under the blue sky. Their lives can be improved only If they come out of their cramped homes.

Q7.How does the poet describe some children in the classroom?
Ans The children in the classroom are under nourished .There is tall girl with her head weighed down, a paper seeming boy with rat's eyes, a boy with twisted bones.  There is also a sweet unnoted boy with dreamy eyes.

Syllabus for Sept. Exam

Always believe in the might of your conscience.

11th English

Hornbill
1.The Portrait of a Lady
2. We are not Afraid to Die - If we can all be Together
3. Discovering of Tut- The Saga Continues
4. Landscape of the Soul
5. The Ailing Planet- The green Movements Role

Poetry

1. A Photograph
2. The Laburnum Top
3. The Voice of the Rain

 SNAPSHOT

1.The Summer of Beautiful White Horse
2. The Address
3. Ranga's Marriage
4. Albert Einstein at School
5. Mother's Day

Grammar

1. Determiners
2. Parts of Speech
3. Tenses in Detail
4. Modals in Detail

Creative Writing

1. Application Writing
2. Notices ( related to school and public places)
3. Description of events and incidents


Syllabus for 12th

Flamingo

1. The Last Lesson
2. Lost Spring
3. Deep Water
4  The Rattrap
5. Indigo

Poetry

1. My Mother at Sixty Six
2. An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
3. Keeping Quiet
4. A Thing of Beauty

Vistas

1.The Third Level
2. The Tiger King
3. Journey to the End of the Earth
4. The Enemy
5. Should Wizard Hit Mommy?

Grammar

1.Tenses in Detail
2 Narration

Creative Writing

1. Advertisement and Posters
2. Reports
3. Letter Writing

--–-------------------------+--

My Mother at Sixty Six by Kamla Das.

22 April /2020.  #Stay at Home , Stay Safe"

Summary of the poem

It is a short and beautiful poem written by Kamla Das. It explains the paradox of human relationships. Sometimes we fail to explain our genuine feelings . It is what happens in this poem. The poetess was driving to Cochin airport. Her mother was sitting beside her. She was very weak and thin. Her mouth was open. She was dozing. She looked like a corpse. The poetess realized that her end was near. This thought made her  sad. Soon she put that thought away and looked outside. She saw merry children spilling out of their homes. She saw young trees sprinting back. On reaching the airport she saw her mother again. She could not articulate her parting words. She kept only smiling . Thus the poem contrasts life with death, energy with inactivity . It also brings out the paradox of human relationships.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1 Why has the mother been compared to the late winter's moon?

In late winter , the moon becomes yellow and very small. It loses it lustre. The poet's mother was also very old and weak. She has turned pale due to old age. That is why , the poet compares her mother to waning moon.

Q2 What is the kind of pain and ache that the poet feels?

Ans. The poet's mother was old and weak. She had grown pale due to old age. She would not live long. The thought of losing her mother created pain and ache in her heart.
3. Why are the young trees described as ''sprinting'?

Ans. 'Sprinting means "running very fast. As the poet's car was moving fast and the trees appeared to move backward, so they have been described as sprinting. Infact trees were still. It was only illusion of vision.

Q4. Why has the poet brought in the image of the merry children spilling out of their homes,?

Ans. The image of merry children spilling out of their homes contrasts childhood and old age. Childhood is the symbol of energy, vitality and merry making while old age symbolises weakness, sadness and sickness.

Q5 What do the parting words of the poet and her smile signify?

Ans, The poet's parting words : "See you soon, Amma"  are only formal. They signify that poetess was indifferent to her mother's mental state. Her smile also indicates that she was not serious about her mother's condition.

Q6.What painful thought comes to the poet' mind and how does she drive it away?

Ans  On seeing her mother' s physical state, the poetess realized that her end was near. But soon she put that painful thought away and looked outside at the merry children and sprinting trees .


_____________________________________________

Read the stanza carefully and answer the questions that follow-:

Driving from my parent's home to Cochin last Friday morning,
I saw my mother, beside me,
doze, open mouthed, her face ashen like that
of a corpse and realised with pain
that she was as old as she looked,

Q1. "I saw my mother". Who does "I"refer to?
Q2. Who was driving and where?
Q3. Who was sitting beside the narrator?
Q4. What does she compare her mother to? Why?
Q5. Make sentence using ' as...as'.
Q6-. What did the poet realise with pain?
Q7.  What is meaning of " corpse"?

July SAT SOLUTIONS

Q1. You are Manav Garg, the NSA Captain of Shiv Shakti School, Panipat. Draft a notice for your school notice board inviting volunteers to attend the 10 days Cleanliness Camp in a nearby village.

Ans.

…......….......................................................................

     Ten Days Cleanliness Camp at Jharli

                         A Notice

People are informed that a ten days cleanliness camp is to be organised at Jharli from August 1 to 10 by Manav youth club to promote "Sawachh Bharat Mission" - a programme of The Government of India. Volunteers are cordially invited to attend this camp and contribute their services to ....the nation. All arrangements such as food and stay will be made by Shiv Shakti School . Please register your names from 26 to 31 July with our school.

Manav Garg,

NSA Captain,

Shiv Shakti School, Panipat.

.......,............................................................................

                         OR

You want to sell a Colour T.V. Drafting an advertisement for it in the column of FOR SALE

Ans.

.......….........................................................................

                              FOR SALE

  An L.G. Colour T.V. , screen 24'', good condition, is offered for sale on reasonable prices as the owner is going abroad. Contact immediately  XYZ,  115 Friends Colony, Jhajjar. Contact no. xxxxxxx680.

....................................................................................
Q2.
Write a report on tree plantation programme which was organised by your school last month, in about 150 words.
_____________________________________________

            Tree Plantation Programme
                        A Report

  August 1,Goria .  A tree plantation programme was organised by our school last month to make the school campus green and beautiful. All the students and the teachers of our school took part in it. About 200 plants were brought from nursery at Sahlawas . Students and teachers planted some trees in the school campus and rest of the plants were distributed among the students. The principal of our school delivered a speech on the importance of trees and motivated the students to plant and protect trees. He said that the trees are invaluable gift from God to man and it is our duty to protect them. The students took an oath to protect the trees.
Reported by
XYZ ,
GSSS GORIA.
_____________________________________________
      OR
Recenty  your school has observed a Road Safety Week. The S.P.(traffic) of your city gave the students a lecture on Road Safety. The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. As the Student Editor of your school magazine write a report on the event.

_____________________________________________

                  A Road Safety Week
                       (GSSS GORIA)
                           A REPORT

Goria. May,15 . A Road Safety Week was organised in our school by district traffic police from May 7 to May 13 . The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. The S.P. traffic police of our city gave a lecture on Road Safety and motivated the students to follow rules of road. Books mentioning the rules of roads were distributed among students. A test having 30 objective type of questions was taken to evaluate the knowledge of students about road rules. At the end , our principal thanked the traffic police for enhancing the students' knowledge about road rules.

Reported by
Amit
Student Editor,
GSSS GORIA.
___________&________________________________

Q3.
a) She....tastes../has tasted.. meat several times.
b) He....has been absent.. since Monday.
c) The train...has just....arrived.
d) He gerally ...writes in English, but today he...is writing.. in Hindi.
....,...............................................
Note- अन्य प्रश्नों के उत्तर site par देखें.
Site. englishnotesfor12th.blogspot.com

Tense in detail.

Always believe in the might of your conscience.
सदैव अपनी अन्तरात्मा की ताकत में विश्वास रखो।
Students, you must have knowledge of verbs before learnining the tense. In fact, tense is appropriate use of verbs in agreement with subject and time.

Let's start from very simple.

Simple Present Tense   or
Present Indefinite Tense

हिन्दी मे पहचान
वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ता हैै, ता हूं, ती है,ते हैै आता है।
जैसे
मैं पत्र लिखता हूं।
वह प्रतिदिन समय पर स्कूल जाता है।
क्या तुम पूजा करते हो?
पानी १००°c पर उबलता है।

Structure ---


 1.Positive --  Subject+ v1(s,es) + object

Example.
 I write a letter.
You write a letter.
They write a letter.
He writes a letter.
She writes a letter.
John writes a letter.
My brother writes a letter.
John and Mary write a letter.
Everyone writes a letter.

In above sentences " write" is first form of verb.  "S" is added to verb  ( here"write" ) when subject is third person singular. If subject is first person( I,We) ;second person (you) or plural number , s or "es" is not added to the verb.

Exercise for students.

1. My sister get up/ gets up early in the morning.
2. Your father wear/ wears spectacles.
3. They walk/ walks fast.
4. Anita ring)/rings the bell.
5 .Arun and Sameer run/runs fast.
6. Children play /plays table tennis.
7. All the players work/ works hard.
8. India win/wins the match.
9. You and I play/plays chess.
10. My brother and my sister go/ goes to school.

Choose the right form of the above sentences and write I your notebooks.
Check your answers given at the end of this post.

We use simple Present Tense -

1. Present habbits or the things happening daily .
Examples
a) I go to school daily.
b) My grandfather goes for a walk everyday.
c) I usually wear white clothes.
2.Universal truths ,( scientific truth ,geographical truth etc.) सर्वमान्य सत्य के लिये।
Examples-
a) Water boils at 100°c.
b) Ice melts when it is heated.
c) Leaves flutter when wind blows.
d) Lions kill animals and eat them.
e) Electricity flows through wires.
d) Water flows downwards.

3 Headlines of newspapers
Let's see some headlines from newspapers.

1. U.K. visas open for Indian scientists and academics.

2.Dushyant files a defamation case against Viz.(दुस्यन्त ने विज के विरुद्द मानहानि का केस किया)
Verb "files" represent most lively presentation of the news. However, it might be used as "filed" in simple past tense.
3. Khatter opens five projects.
4. Punjab,Haryana power utilities improve ranking.

Students must note down more headlines from English newspapers and write them in their notebooks; and  paste the cuttings in their project file.

4. In conditional sentences ,we use simple Present Tense for simple condition which may be fulfilled. The second part of the conditional sentences have use of shall/will/can/may+ v1.
Structure of conditional sentences-
If/unless +sub.+v1(s,es)/do not v1/does not v1+obj. , sub+ will/shall/can/may+v1+ object.
Examples

If you work hard, you will pass.( यदि मेहनत करोगे तो पास हो जाओगे)
If you walk fast, you will catch the train.(यदि तेज चलोगे तो गाड़ी पकड़ लोगे)
Unless he works hard, he can not succeed.(जब तक वह परिश्रम नही करता, सफल नही हो सकता।)

Translate the following sentences in English.

1. यदि समय पर वर्षा होगी तो फसल अच्छी होगी।
२. यदि सरकार रोजगार देगी, तो गरीबी मिटेगी।
३. जब तक तेज नही चलोगे, गाड़ी नही पकड़ पाओगे।
४. यदि समय पर वर्षा नही होगी तो फसल बर्बाद हो जाएगी।
५. जब तक वफा न होगी, प्यार न होगा।
६. यदि तुम किसी की बुराई करोगे, वह तुम्हारा दुश्मन बन जाएगा।
Translation
1.If it rains on time, there will be rich harvest.
2. If the government provides employment, the poverty will end.
Advise for Students****
 ऐसे वाक्य बनाओ तथा उनका अनुवाद करो।

Present simple tense is also used to represent the past events in a lively manner. For example presentation of a historical play is done in this tense.
भूतकाल की घटनाओ को प्रभावी व जीवन्त ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए इस काल की प्रयोग क्या जाता है।
Example from the Ramayan , the holi book.

Lord Rama builds a bridge ,Ramsetu, crosses the sea with an army of bears and monkeys ,invades Sri Lanka ,kills Ravana, enthrones Vibhishana and returns to Ayodhya in Puspak Vimaan with Sugreev,Hanuman, Lakshman and Sita. Residents of Ayodhya welcome their advent by burning diyas of ghee.

Structure of negative sentence

Subject+ do/does+ not+ v1+object

Examples-

I do not write a letter.
He does not write a letter.
Manu does not write a letter.

Do not" is used when the subject is first person or second person or plural number.

"Does not is used when the subject is third person singular number.

Exercise for students.

Use "do not" or "does not'

1. My father................wear spectacles.
2. Sarita and Savita,................ sing well.
3. Sarita as well as Savita..........sing well.
4.  Truth ........................fear.
5.  Snakes ...........make holes.
6.  Water............boil at 90°c.
7. Lions.............eat grass.
8.  Two and two..............make five.
9.  They........ work in fields.
10. God .........shower mercy on the sinner.

Write these sentences in your notebooks, fill in the blanks and show to your teacher.
Or write the answers in comment box.

Structure 3 Interrogative sentences in which answer is yes or no.

Do/Does+ subject+ (not) +v1+ object?

Example

Do you write a letter?(क्या तुम पत्र लिखते हो?)
Does he play in the ground?(क्या वह मैदान में खेलता है?)
Do I not work sincerely?(क्या मैं निष्ठापूर्वक कार्य नही करता?)
Do they follow you?(क्या वे आपका अनुसरण करते हैं?)

Structure 4. Interrogative sentences in which answer is not in "yes" or "no"

Wh + do/does+ subject+ not+v1+ object?

Example-

1.Why do you weep?   (तुम क्यों रोते हो?)
2. What do you want?(तुम क्या चाहते हो?)
3.  Where does your mother live?( तुम्हारी माॉ कहाॉ रहती है?)
4.  How do you go to office?( तुम office कैैसे जाते हो)

Students are advised to make more sentences and show their teacher.

Now fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verb.      
1. Amphibians ......(live) both in water and on land.
2 The sun .....(rise) in the East and....(set) in the West.
3. Farmers ......( grow) foodgrains, fruits and vegetables.
4. A dog ....(bark) but a cat ...(mew).
5. Soldiers.....(fight) for their motherland.
6. If you ...(climb) a mountain, you will feel nausea.
6. Unless you ....(speak) the truth, people won't believe you.
7. If he.....(not save) money, his future will not be secure.
8. Slow and steady .....(win) the race.
9. Think before you....( speak).
10. I usually ....(wear) white clothes but my brother ....(wear) blue ones.
***************************
Ans.1live2. rises,sets 3. grow 4. barks,mews 5. fight 6 speak 7. does not save 8. wins 9.speak. 10. wear, wears.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE   OR  PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

हिन्दी में पहचान-:

वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ' रहा हैै, रहे हैं, रही हैै, रही हूं, रहा हूं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

जैसे-:
तुम पत्र लिख रहे हो।
रविना घास काट रही हैै।
बाहर वर्षा हो रही है।
क्या विद्यार्थी एक स्वर में बोल रहे हैं?
आजकल मैं एक किताब लिख रहा हूं।
मैं कल दिल्ली जा रहा हूं।

Structure -:
1. Simple sentences

Sub.+ is/am)are +v 1+ing+ obj.

Examples-:

1. You are writing  a letter.
2.Ravina is cutting grass.
3.It is raining outside.

2. Negative Sentences-:

Sub.+ is/am/ are+v1+ing+ object

Examples-

1. You are not writing a letter.
2. Ravina is not cutting grass.
3. It is not raining outside.

3.Interrogative sentences-

Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?

Examples-
1. Are you writing a letter?
2. Is Ravina cutting grass?
3. Is it raining outside?

Wh+ Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?

Why are you writing a letter?
Who is cutting grass?
When are you going to Delhi?
Where are they going?

Uses of present progressive tense -:

1. To express the actions that are going on at the present time .
a) I am reading now.
b) Students are playing in the garden at present.
c) You are taking to me at this time.

Adverbs "now", at present, at this time, action के होने के समय के बारे में बताते हैं। इन adverbs का प्रयोग present continuous tense में ही किया जाता है।
2 To express the planned future. नियोजित भविष्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए।
उदाहरण ◆◆
He is going to Delhi tomorrow.
We are purchasing a new house next year.

3- To contrast with present Indefinite tense.

He usually wears white clothes but today he is wearing black ones.

My sister usually goes to school on foot but today she is going by a car.

Exercise for students.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb.
1Hurry up ! The train.... ( come).
2 Run Fast!  The train  ..(whistle)
3-I often ..(travel) by train but now I...(travel) by air.
4. Look! Who .... (come) there?
5. I....( go) to Shimla next week.

Ans 1.is coming 2.is whistling 3.travel, am travelling 4 is coming 5. am going

Present Perfect Tense

Structure- sub.+has/have+v3+object.

हिन्दी में पहचान- वाक्य के अन्त मे  चुका है, चुके हैं, चुकी है, चुका हूँ आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है। या वाक्य से यह स्पष्ट हो कि कार्य वर्तमान में समाप्त हुआ है।

We use this tense for finished actions in present.

Structure   Sub+has/have+v3+object.

Examples
1.My brother has joined navy recently.
2. The third bell has gone.
3. I have purchased a flat .
4. The crop has withered away for want of rain.
5 The guests have not reached so far.

Note--   some adverbs which are prefarebly used in this tense

___ already, so far, yet, recently, lately, of late

Negative sentences

Sub ,,+ has/have+ not + v3

Interrogative sentences

Has/have+ sub +(not) +v3+ object?

Wh+ has/have+sub+ v3+object.?

Examples

Have you completed your registration?

Has he met you recently?

What have you done for your country?

Note

There is difference in present perfect and past indefinite tense.

Present Perfect Tense represents the action completed in recent present. The impact of the action is discernible at the time of mentioning the event.

Past indefinite tense is used for some past event . Time of the action is indefinite.

Examples

My brother has joined army. He joined two years ago.

Adverbs - yesterday, ago , last are used in past indefinite tense.

We can not say

He has come to me yesterday - .×[it is wrong

He came to me yesterday.✓( right)

He joined army recently. ×

He has joined army recently.✓


Exercise for students:-

Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb

1.  Vijay Mallya............(elope) to abroad. He ..   (elope) last year .
2.  .....you ever(be) to Agra?
3. I ..(already finish) my work . Now I am going to home.
4. We...(file) a suit against NTPC claiming higher prices of the land acquired in our village. We ...(file) six months ago.
5. The last bus bound to village Goria ...(leave). It ..(leave) at 6 pm.
6. Recently my son (join) a coaching institute in New Delhi. He (deposit) the tuition fees for three months.
7. The summer vacations (end). The school will re-open tomorrow.
8. .. you (complete) the cashbook? The audit team is coming next week.
9. The washing machine ...(stop) working unexpectedly.  You will have to wash clothes manually.
10. You need not take an umbrella. The rain (stop).


Present Perfect Continuous Tenses

पहचान -: वाक्य के अन्त में "से.... रहा है, से..रहा हूँ, से..रहे हैं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
This tenses refers to an activity going on for a long time.

Example:-
1. वे दो साल से इस गाँव में रह रहे हैं।
They have been living in this village for two years.
 2. वह.दस सितम्बर से योगाभ्यास कर रहा है।
He has been practising yoga since tenth September.

We use' for' to denote period of time.
    "Since" to denote point of time.


Structure of the sentence:-

Sub + has/have + been + V1+ing + object +since/ for + time adverb


Use since / for before these time clauses


1------ three months.
2--- three weeks.
3--------three days.
4-------three- years
5--- three centuries.
6-------three hours
7--------- three minutes
8----–-- three Seconds.
9 ----three p.m.
10.....three o ' clock
11------+ Third May
12------- his birth
13------- last Sunday
14----– 1980.
15------ Sunday.
-------------------------------------------------
Ans. 1-10 - for
         11-15-since
------------------------------------------------------------
     
       Past Indefinite Tense / Simple Past

पहचान-
वाक्य के अंत में "आ,ए,ई या ता था, ते थे, ती थी, आदि का प्रयोग जाता है।

जैसे- 1.सरदार पटेल भारत के पहले गृह मंत्री बने।
        (Sardar Patel became first home minister of India)
  2.  भारत ने 1971 मेंं पाकिस्तान को हराया।
( India defeated Pakistan in 1971.)
3. मैं पिछले वर्ष दिल्ली गया था।
(I visited Delhi last year)
4.  वह दस साल पहले यहाँ रहता था।
 (He lived here ten years ago.)
---++---------------------------+--------------------------
Structure:-
  Affirmative/Simple Sentence
   Sub+ V2+Object
Example- I called on him yesterday.
Negative Sentences:-
 Sub+ did not+V1+Object
Example- He did not obey my orders.
Interrogative Sentences:-
Did +Sub.+(not)+V1+Object?
Examples:- Did you buy a colour T.V. last year?

Wh+did+Sub.+(not)+V1+Obj?
Example:-
Why did you call in me yesterday?(कल ततुम मुझसे मिलने क्यों आए थे ?)

Adverbs of time that are used in this tense are-: yesterday, ago,  last.
सरल शब्दों में हम कह सकते हैं कि यदि वाक्य में yesterday ago या last हो तो हम past indefinite tense का प्रयोग करते हैं।

Example:-

Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of tense.

1) Our teacher ....... (give) us an assignment yesterday.
2. Our teacher-------- (not give) us an assignment yesterday.
3. ...... .Your teacher....(give) you an assignment yesterday?

इन वाक्यों मेंं पहला साधारण वाक्य है, अतः verb की 2nd form is used. 1 Ans - gave
दूसरा वाक्य नकारात्मक है , अतः did not give आएगा।
तीसरा वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक है, अतः Did.....Give आएगा।

Exercise for students -: Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of tense. 

1. I .........(see) a stranger in the street yesterday when I was going to the market. I..............(ask) him what he........…...(do) there. He ---------- ( reply) and just ........... (laugh).

2. All ......(know) that Newton .........(discover) laws of motion. He ..........( believe) that mere learning facts is not education. 

3. All great men ........(be) common people with high goals. They .........( reach) the zenith of their destination with hard work.

4. People in past --------(travel) by bullcarts   

5. There .........(live) a king in this kingdom many yeas ago. When his daughter Priyadarshini  ---_
---( take) the charge of office. She -....(-be) very enrgetic and truthful. She was honest and hardworking. 

7. 

     

Report Writing

Updated on 22/1/2021

" कोरोना को भगाना है, भारत को जिताना है"
" Two corona vaccines have been invented by India . And process  of vaccination have begun from Jan16, 2021. " 

(टीकाकरण की प्रक्रिया 16 जनवरी से शुरू हो चुकी है।)

Students should keep in mind that a report can be of many kinds e.g. reporting  events/news/messages/meetings/interviews etc. While writing a report keep in mind:-

1.We use past tense for a report. Normally a report relates to the events that have occured. So we use past tense.
2. On top write the heading of the report. It should not be a full sentence
3. If the report is related to some institute , we write the address ir name of the institute before the heading
4.Write the word-A Report
5.Write the name of place and date in extreme left.
6Write in brief what you want to convey
7. At the end on left write- Reported by
8. Write the name of the reporter.
9.Enclose the written material in a box.

Report 1

Suppose you are Amit /Anita of class ..... You read in GSSS Goria, Jhajjar. Recently a quiz was held in your school on environment protection  . The quiz was conducted by NTPC Jharli. Write a report on this inventing all necessary details.

********************************************************************************

                   QUIZ CONTEST
    GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL GORIA
                     A REPORT

Goria, May 24. A quiz contest was held on the topic " save environment save humanity" on 24 May in our school by horticulture branch of NTPC Jharli. Mr.S.N.Chaturvedi and Mrs. Sarita conducted (संचालन किया) the contest. Students from classes 8th to 12th took part in it. It was a written quiz contest. So all the students participated in it. There were total 30 multiple choice questions to be answered in 15  minutes. At the end of the contest ( प्रतियोगिता)  , the winners of the competition were given prizes by the Principal of our school. All the participants were given refreshments also. The Principal of our school motivated (प्रेरित किया) the students to plant trees and protect the environment. He called upon the students to contribute ( योगदान देना) towards making the school campus green with plants and trees.

Reported by

Amit/ Anita
Class 12th
GSSS GORIA.

------------------------------------------------------------
Report 2.

Write a report on the'Cleanliness Week' organised by your school recently. You are Sunil or Sunita of Govt.Sr.Sec.School Goria.

--------------------------------------------.....................................................................................................
  Govt. Sr. Sec. School Goria
         Cleanliness Week
                 A Report

Goria: Feb.24. A cleanliness week was organised in our school under the title 'Swachh Bharat Mission' from November 16-22 to create awareness among students about cleanliness. During the first two days the students went from door to door in the village and motivated the villagers to keep their surrounding clean. Dusbins were put at different points in the streets and people were requested to use them. Dusbins were also put in every room and student took oath to keep the school clean. On third day slogan writing, poster making and essay writing competition were held in which all the students took part. On fourth day a debate on cleanliness was held. The teachers of our school helped the students. The last two days were given to students to clean and decorate their rooms. The students of tenth class bagged first position in class decoration competition. At the end of this celebration ; our Principal thanked all the students and the teachers .

Reported by
Sunil/ Sunita
Class 12th
--------------------------------------------...............................................................................................
Report 3.

You are Deepak of 12th class. Recently your school organised Rubela and Measles awareness week. Prepare a report on it. Invent all necessary details.

      Govt.Sr.Sec.School, Goria
Rubela and Malaria awareness week
          Reported by Deepak

Goria, May 15. Rubela and Malaria awareness week was organised in our school from 8 May to 14 May to create awareness among students about Rubela and Measles . On the first day of the week our Principal and the Science teacher delivered a lecture on these diseases. They explained in detail about the symptoms of these diseases and how these could be controlled . They also suggested their preventive measures. Painting and poster making competition was held on next day. On third day an essay writting competition was held. Next two days were given to vaccinate the students. A team of two doctors and three nurses visited the school for vaccination. They thaked the teachers and students for making the programme successful.

Reported by
Deepak .
Class 12
GSSS

Report 4

A blood donation camp was held in your school during summer vacations. Write a report on it inventing all necessary details. Sign yourself as XYZ of GSSS ABC.

           GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL, ABC
                Blood Donation Camp
                              A Report
GSSS ABC, A blood donation camp was held in our school during summer vacations under the aegis of " Manav Kalyan Trust". A team of two doctors and three nurses took part in it. They made all necessary arrangement for donation. 50 students of our school from higher classes donated blood. The donors were given juice and certificates of donation.
The blood THUS collected was sent to the Civil Hospital of our district to be used in emergency. The Principal of our school thanked all the donors and delivered a speech on the importance of blood donation.

Reported by
XYZ.

Report 5

You are Arun of GSSS GORIA. You study in 12th Arts  Your school celebrated 72nd Independence Day. Write a report in about 100 words inventing all necessary details.

_____________________________________________
     Celebration of 72nd Independence Day
                            GSSS GORIA
                                A Report

Goria, August 15
 72nd Independence Day was celebrated with great pomp and show in GSSS Goria. Gram panchayat Goria, SMC members, parents and many distinguished persons from the village marked their presence to witness the function. The function started after the tricolour was unfurled by the chief guest. Our Principal conveyed his hearty congratulations to all who were present in the function. He called upon the Students and teachers to perform their duty honestly to make the country great. He also presented school progress report. Then the students from various classes presented many cultural programmes. The whole atmosphere throbbed with a sense of patriotism. Then prizes were given away to meritorious students. At the end of the function sweets were distributed among students and parents. It was a memorable programme.We shall always remember it.

Arun Kumar
12TH Arts
GSSS GORIA,.


_____________________________________________

Report 6

Suppose you are Arun Kumar , a student of 12th class  in GSSS ABC. Recently your school observed ' Paudhgiri Programme ' to make the school and the environment green. Write a report on it.

_____________________________________________

                         Paudhgiri
              A Report by Arun Kumar

August 21, Jhajjar
,"Paudhgiri" Programme was observed in GSSS ABC on August 21,2018 to make the school green and beautiful . 190 saplings were brought from Sahlawas nursery and distributed among students . Some saplings were planted in the school premises by the students and the teachers. Students took selfie with their plants. Our Geography lecturer monitored the Programme. He asked the students to plant the saplings at some appropriate place - in their house ,lawn or some open field. Our Principal motivated the students to nurture and protect the saplings and keep them alive. He also declared prizes of rupees 50 for each living plant after six months and an incentive of 300 rupees if the plant was found living after three years. The students promised to make the paudhgiri programme successful.

Reportrd by
Arun Kumar
Class 12th
GSSS ABC.

Report 7

Recently voters day was celebrated in your school to create awareness among students about importance of voting. Write a report about it. Incentive all necessary details.

_____________________________________________

             Voters Day Celebration
                        A Report

Jhajjar,Oct 17.

Voters day was celebrated in our school on Oct.17, to create awareness among people about importance of voting. Various competitions were held in the school on this occasion. At first, slogans writing contest was held . About 50 students from different classes took part in it. Then students ' rally was made to pass through the streets of the village to aware the villagers . At last a poster making contest was organised . The winners of different competitions were given prizes. The programme ended with a speech of thanks from our principal. He called upon the students to exercise their franchise wisely.

Reportrd by
XYZ.
___________________________________________
8.  District Level  sports tournaments were held in your school. As a CORRESPONDENT of a national  daily, write a report about it.

_____________________________________________           District Tournaments Concludes
                      (GSSS GORIA)                     
                       REPORT BY
             OUR CORRESPONDENT

Jhajjar , Oct. 17
District sports tournaments were held in our school ground from Oct,12 to Oct.16. District Education Officer, Jhajjar inaugurated the tournaments . Thousands of players from different schools took part in it. The DEO of our district called upon  the organisers to maintain transparency for peaceful end of the tournaments. Volleyball team of our school stood first in the district.  Many athletes of our school came out with flying colours. On the concluding day of the tournaments , our principal delivered a lecture  and thanked  all the participants for their cooperation.

Reportrd by
Dinesh Kumar
D.K.
Correspondent
Times of India .



_____________________________________________
   9. Recently Road Safety Week was observed in your school by the traffic police of your district to create awareness among students about road rules. Write a report on it. Sign yourself as Saurabh of 12th class of GSSS Goria.
_____________________________________________

                    Road Safety Week
                      ( GSSS GORIA )
                Reported by  Saurabh

Jhajjar, 23rd September

Road Safety Week was observed in GSSS ,Goria, 42km. away from Jhajjar. It was organised by  traffic police of our district .It was aimed to create awareness among students about road rules. The message "Safety Saves" was conveyed by students in different activities like 'painting competition, slogan writing and poster making.  Everyday ,last two periods of the week were devoted for these competitions. The students took part in every activity with enthusiasm. On Saturday a quiz competition was held in two groups , classes 6-8 and classes 9-12. The winners of each event were given prizes by our Principal.

Reported by

Saurabh
Class 12th
GSSS GORIA

_____________________________________________
  10  Suppose you are Sabita / Saurabh of 12th class of XYZ School. Your school recently celebrated Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's 144th birth anniversary as National Unity Day. Various activities were organised in your school. Write a report about it.
------------------------------------------------------------------
  Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's Birth  anniversary Celebrated as National Unity Day
               A Report by Saurabh
               
October 31, Sardar Patel's 144th  birth anniversary was celebrated as  National Unity Day in GSSS XYZ . Various activities were observed in the school on this occasion.  At first, flowers were offered before his statue to pay him tribute. After it, all the teachers and students took a pledge to do their duty sincerely to make the nation great. Then a speech competition was held to highlight his contribution in National Integration. The speakers threw light on how he integrated 565 kingly states as a nation. After the speech ," Run for Unity" programme was held in which all the teachers and students took part. Then a painting and slogan writing competition was held in which all the students took part. In the end , our Principal thanked all to make the programme successful. He motivated the students to follow the path taken by Sardar Patel . He concluded his speech with Patel's quote, " Faith and strength, both are essential to accomplish any great work." (किसी महान कार्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए विश्वास और ताकत दोनों आवश्यक हैं।)

--------------------------------------------------

11.  Recently the students of your school visited a nearby private school under the twinning programme to share mutual knowledge and skills among students. Write a report about it. Sign yourself as Mukesh of GSSS ABC School.

_______________________________________________

               Twinning Programme

                             A Report

Jan.13, 2021. 

 The students of our school from classes 9-12 visited Universal Sr. Sec. School under twinning programme on 13 January . The host school sent a bus for transportation of the students.  20 students and three teachers from our school boarded the bus and reached our target school within a few minutes.  The students of Universal Sr.Sec. School welcomed us on the gate with garlands of flowers. Then a team of students led us to library, science labs, sports room, boxing site, shooting range and smart room. We were amazed to see the library and labs. We were thrilled to talk to the students of Universal school. Then there were many competitions between the two schools. In rangoli the girls of our school won first position. The students of ninth class of our school performed good in quiz competition . The director of Universal school motivated us to work hard. He put before us many scholarship plans launched by his school for poor and meritorious students . All the students of our school were given certificates of appreciation. At last we had a refreshment also. In short , we had a very nice time . We liked it very much. 

Reported by Mukesh

School - GSSS ABC

_________________________-_________________________

12.  Suppose you are Kavita of GSSS  xyz. Write a report how your school organised a corona awareness rally to create awareness among people. Invent all necessary details. 

____________________________________________--_

               Corona Awareness Rally

                    A Report by Kavita

                          ( GSSS xyz)

Jan.21, 2021

The teachers and students of our school organised a rally on Jan 21 to create awareness among people against the deadly pandemic . With banners in hands , the students passed through main streets of the village and instructed the villagers to combat covid-19. They appealed the people to wear masks, keep social distancing and avoid crowding. They also asked the people to take vaccine of corona without any apprehension. (भय या झिझक).  They also displayed posters and pamphlet on main sites in the village. The people appreciated the students' initiative to create awareness against corona virus. 

Reported by

Kavita

GSSS xyz.

____________;;___________________________--______--

13. Recently science block was inaugurated in your school by the DEO of your district. Write a report on it inventing all necessary details . Sign yourself as Pinky of GSSS xyz.

_____________________________________

        Inauguration of Science Block

                   A Report

                  ( GSSS xyz)

January 29. 

Science Block having three labs viz. Physics, Chemistry and Biology was inaugurated to promote science in our school by Sh. Satyavir Siwatch, DEO Jhajjar. At this occasion a function was organised in our school. The whole of the school was decorated  nicely to honour the occasion. The chief guest was received and garlanded at the gate of the school by our Principal and the teachers. The students standing in rows welcomed the guest with flowers. He was escorted to the stage and welcomed with a welcome song by the girls of our class. Then he delivered a speech on importance of science in modern world . He also praised the school management and the teachers. He motivated the students to work hard in order to get lofty aims. He also asked some questions from students about their problems. The function came to an end with a speech of thanks by our Principal. 

Reported by

Pinky

Class 12th

Roll No. ----

______________________________________

HORN BILL All lessons ( for 11th class) (Notes by Baljit Singh)

#Stay home, stay safe.

Self reliant India, strong India 

(आत्मनिर्भर भारत, मजबूत भारत।)

Boycott Chinese Products.

( चीनी वस्तुओं का बहिष्कार करें।)

         THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY

                       By

        (Khushwant Singh)

Textual Questions and Answers

( Notes by Baljit Singh)

Q1. Mention three phases of the author's relationship with his grandmother before he left the country to study abroad.

Ans. i). Author's first phase of relationship with his grandmother was very innocent and pure. His parents had shifted to city leaving him behind with his grandmother. She bathed him, prepared food for him and went to school with him. While he learnt alphabets in the school , she read scriptures in the temple. She also helped the writer to prepare his lessons.
ii) His second phase of relationship was not as innocent as his first one. The writer was called by his parents in the city. Now he went to school in a motor bus. So his grandmother did not go with him. The writer used to go in an English school. So she could not help him in his studies.
iii) His third phase of relationship started when the writer joined the University and got a separate room. The common link of friendship between them was snapped. The grand mother accepted her seclusion with resignation. Now she was always busy telling the beads of her rosary and saying prayer. She used to feed the sparrows in the courtyard of her city house.

Q2. Mention three reasons why the grand mother was disturbed when he started going to city school?
Ans The grandmother was much disturbed when the writer started going to city school because-
i) The city school provided modern education . He was taught English, science principles and Geography in which she could not help.
ii) There were lessons in music also in his school. The grandmother believed that music was the monopoly of beggars and harlots.
iii) There was no education of religion and God.

Q3. Mention three ways in which the author's grandmother spent her days after he grew up?
Ans. i) She spent her time spinning on her wheel and reciting prayer.
ii) She used to feed the sparrows in the city house.
iii)She was always busy telling the beads of her rosary. Her lips constantly moved in an inaudible prayer.

Q4. Mention the odd ways in which the grandmother behaved just before she died?
Ans. When the writer returned home from abroad after five years, she behaved strangely.She did not speak to him. She was busy telling the beads of her rosary. In the evening  a change came over her.  She collected the women of her neighbourhood, got an old drum and started singing and dancing. They persuaded her to stop over-straining. But she would not listen to their request. It was first time she omitted prayer. She got ill due to over-straining and passed away.

Q5. Mention how the sparrows expressed their sorrow when the writer' grandmother died?
Ans. Sparrows had a great attachment with the grandmother because she used to feed them.When she died, thousands of them gathered round his corpse with no chirruping. They did not even notice the bread crumbs that the writer's mother had thrown to them. It seemed as if they had come there to pay tribute to their companion.

Q6. How can you say that the writer's grandmother was a religious lady?
 Ans The writer' grandmother was a religious lady. There are many activities that prove that she was a religious lady.
i) She used to go to  temple and read scriptures.
ii) Her lips moved constantly in an inaudible prayer.
iii) Her hands were busy telling the beads of her rosary.
iv) She used to feed the village dogs.
v) She used to feed sparrows in her city house.
vi) She was disturbed to know that there was no teaching of scriptures and god in the city school.


Writer' grand mother reading scriptures.

LESSON 2.

''We are not Afraid to Die -If We can All Die Together''

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1. What steps were taken by the captain to protect the ship from rough weather?
Ans:-The captain started his journey to go round the world with his family. He started from Plymouth, England in his boat named Wavewalker which  had been professionally built to face the roughest weathers of the sea. The first leg of his voyage passed pleasantly as they sailed down the west coast of Africa to Cape Town. But before heading east, he hired two crewmen for help.
In order to face the enormous and dangerous waves of the Southern Indian Ocean, he dropped the storm jibs that slowed down the speed of the roaring waves. He also tied a heavy mooring rope across the front part of the boat and put on oilskins and life jackets. In this way he took precautions to protect his ship from storm.

Q2. What steps did he take to check flooding of water in the ship?
Ans. Suddenly, the boat struck with a rock breaking its base. The water started gushing in alarmingly. Both of the crewmen stated pumping water out of the boat madly. The captain put a canvas over the holes in the deck. The situation became very dangerous when the pumps started to block up with garbage. The electric pump also stopped working. Luckily there were spare pumps which worked. Thus the ship was saved from sinking.

Q3.- Describe the mental condition of the voyagers on 4 and 5 January.
Ans. The voyagers were in a horrible state. They had been continuously pumping water for 36 hours and were dead tired and hungry as they had eaten nothing for the last two days Still, they could not pump out the water as it was continuously gushing in.They could not set sail on the main mast as it could break the hull apart. So they hoisted the storm jib and headed for the nearby islands. But their respite was short lived .The weather deteriorated and by the dawn of January 5, their situation was again desperate. The captain's son Jon said," We are not afraid to die if we can all be together". These words aptly reflect their state of mind.

Q4. How does the story suggest that optimism helps to endure "the direst stress?" OR
   What message does the story convey?
Ans. The story conveys a deep moral message that optimism helps to endure direst stress. One should face the difficulties of life with cheerful heart and determination. Optimism acts as a catalytic for the tired minds. An optimistic person never loses courage and hope. He sees a silver lining in  dark clouds. The captain and his children show exemplary courage and optimism when their ship is near to sink in the deep sea and their end is very near. The ship was badly damaged but they did not lose hope and ultimately struggled to reach the' Isle Amsterdam'

Q5. What lessons do we learn from such hazardous experiences when we are face to face with death?
Ans-Our bitter experiences become our real asset if we take them optimistically. During difficulties our real character comes to light. We should not lose hope and face the challenges of life with cheerful heart and determination. Only weak and crippled minds bow before hardships while the bold and brave minds swallow the poison of obstacles happily and succeed in their mission.

Q6. Why do you think people take such adventurous expeditions in spite of the risks involved?
Ans. Adventurous loving people always play a risky game in hope to do something new and impossible. They climb on  the Everest, swim across the seas or reach the poles. They know that in such expeditions, they may lose their life. But they are afire with high hopes and determination and believe in their own might. They are full of self-confidence and optimism.

 POEM-                    A PHOTOGRAPH (ShIrley Toulson)


Comprehension-

Stanza 1.
                The cardboard shows me, how it was
              When the two girls cousins went paddling              
             Each one holding one of my mother's hands
           And she the big girl- some twelve years or so
         All three stood still to smile through their hair
                  At the uncle with the camera


Meanings-1 cardboard- here it means snapshot or photo
                 2 Paddling-  walking through water making a noise of splashing

Qi) How many girls were there in the photograph? Who were they?
Ans- There were three girls in the photograph. They were-the poet's mother and her two cousins-Betty and Dolly.
ii) What does the word cardboard denote in the poem?
Ans- Cardboard here means/denotes the snapshot or the photo.
iii)Who was the biggest and how old was she?
Ans The poet's mother was the biggest. She was about twelve years old.
iv) What does 'some' suggest?
Ans- 'Some' here means nearly or about.
v) Why were they smiling?
Ans. They were smiling casually for a snapshot.
vi) Where do you think were they standing?
Ans They were standing on a beach.
vii) Which word in the stanza suggests that they were standing motionless?
Ans-'Still'

STANZA 2

A sweet face,
My mother's, that was before I was born.
And the sea, which appears to have changed less,
Washed their terribly transient feet.
Some twenty-thirty- years later
She'd laugh at the snapshot.

Word-Meanings-
transient- short lived
snapshot- picture/photo taken by camera.
she'd-   she would

Q i) Whose face was sweet?
Ans- It was her mother's face.
ii) When was the snapshot taken?
Ans It was taken before the poetess was born.
iii) What has not changed over the years? What does it suggest to you?
Ans The sea has not changed over the years. It suggests the permanence of nature.
iv) What has been described as transient and why?
Ans The feet have been described as transient because human beings are mortal . Their life on this earth is very short.
v) Who would laugh at the snapshot? What does the laughter indicate?
Ans- The poet's mother would laugh at the snapshot to see how absurdly her parents dressed them for beach.

STANZA 3.

"See Betty
And Dolly,"she'd say,"and look how they
Dressed us for the beach." The sea holiday
was her past, mine is her laughter. Both wry
With the laboured ease of loss.

Word-meanings

beach- sea coast
wry- twisted and distorted with disappointment.

Qi) Who are Betty and Dolly?
Ans- They are cousin of the poet's mother.
ii) Explain-" The sea holiday was her past,mine her laughter"
Ans- The poet's mother is dead now. Her picnic for beach was her past now. And her laughter has become a thing of past for the poetess.
iii) What does the line " Both wry with the laboured ease of loss" mean?
Ans- The poetess has managed the loss of her mother with great difficulty. 
iv) What poetic device has been used in the last line?
Ans- Oxymoron.  Laboured and ease are two opposite words, still they explain the same thing -loss.
v) What does "both" refer to?
Ans "Both" refers to poet's mother remembering her past holiday on beach and the poet remembering her mother's laughter.

STANZA 4.

Now she's been dead nearly as many years
As that girl lived. And of this circumstance
There is nothing to say at all.
Its silence silences.

Qi) Who does that girl refer to?
Ans 'That girl' refer to the poetess' mother.
ii) How many years ago she died?
Ans She died nearly 12 years ago.
iii) What does 'this circumstance' mean?
Ans- It refers to the period after the mother's death.
iv) Explain-"Its silence silences".
Ans- The mother's death was a great loss for the poetess. Now she has nothing to say about the period after her death. The silence of the photograph silences the poetess.

SUMMARY OF THE POEM

The poem sums up the theme of permanence of  nature and transience of human life.  All the natural things seem to change less as compare to human beings. The life of living beings is very short whereas the things of nature or the things made by man have a permanent value. They keep their lustre for a long time. The poetess finds a photograph in which her mother was paddling on a sea-coast with her two cousins. All three were in a merry mood. This photograph was taken by her mother's uncle. All the three girls were smiling through their hair It was taken when the poetess was not born.This photograph makes the poetess sad and nostalgic. It reminds her of her mother who was no more in this world. Her death was a great loss for her. The silence of the photograph silences her. She says with sad and heavy heart  that the sea that washed their feet seems to change less.


The Laburnum Top by Ted Hughes

Summary of the poem

It is a short and beautiful poem written by Ted Hughes. It is written in blank verse. There are three stages in this poem. These are- 1. before the gold finch enters the tree. 2. The time when she is inside the  tree. 3. After she has launched away in the infinite. The laburnum top is quiet and still before the goldfinch comes. Its leaves are yellowing. But as the goldfinch enters its thickness ,the whole tree comes to life. It starts trembling with the chirruping of birds and rustling of leaves. The gold finch enters the tree as smooth and alert as a lizard. She feeds her young ones and comes out and sits on the end of a branch and then launches away in the sky and the tree becomes silent again. The poet says that the goldfinch is the engine of her family. She stokes it and a machine starts. Her movements are compared to a lizard.   Poet has used imagery of engine to bring out his point. 

Q1. What has the movement of the goldfinch compared to? What is the basis of this comparison?
Ans. The movement of the goldfinch has been compared to a lizard. Just as a lizard move carefully and then attacks it's victim suddenly, similarly a goldfinch enters the tree abruptly so that she may not be observed by some predator bird. 

2 Why has the image of engine been evoked by the poet? What purpose does it serve?

Ans. Just as an engine is the source of energy for a machine, similarly, the goldfinch is the engine for her family . She feeds her youngones and protects them.

Home Work for 11th & 12th students

A.. Prepare a project on Geographical and Historical survey of your village-(for 11th & 12th )
    Prepare a report on following points;-
1When did your village come into existence? Write a history of your village as you learn from your elders or from history books or magazines.
2.Who is supposed to be the founder of your village? Write various theories related to this.
3.What is the demographic status of your village?
4.What is population, sex ratio, status of women in your village? Collect data from census department.
5.What are the facilities provided in your village ? e.g. potable water , electricity, education,                    mode of conveyance, police station, CHC, PHC etc.{ health facilities}, Railways etc.
6. What is status of agriculture , industry or employment in your village?
 7. Main educational or religious  institutes in your village.
 8. Prominent families and personalities who contributed towards social and economic                               upliftment of the village             
  9. Which prominent festivals are celebrated in your village and how are they celebrated?
 10 Enlist some prominent players (national or international level) in your village? In                                  which game did they excel?
11. Name the heroes who played prominent role in national movement before and what is the status of their family at present.
12. The most prosperous family/ families  in your village.


Students are advised to paste pictures or photos supporting their report.

  B. Prepare the lesson " The Portrait of a Lady" with comprehension and textual questions .(for 11th)
C.  Prepare 4 lessons from Flamingo with comprehension and textual questions. (for 12th)
D. Letters in simple language ( for 11th &12th)

*****There is a ray of light after every dark tunnel. Be optimistic.**************

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The Rattrap (Selma Lagerlof) 28/04/20

Co-Vaccine is very effective against Corona virus. Take its dose and be safe. 

Use masks at workplace . Don't touch surfaces of objects. 

# Stay at Home, Stay Safe"

"India fights Corona "

Detail of the story "The Rattrap" by Selma Lagerlof -:

Main characters in the story-:

1. The peddler - He is the Rattrap seller ( चूहे दानी बेचने वाला). He is very poor. 

2.  The crofter-: He is an old man. He lives in a wayside cottage. He has a cow. He welcomes the peddler in his cottage.

3. Iron master -: He is a rich man. He is the owner of Ramsjo Ironworks. 

4. Edla Willmansson:-  She is ironmaster's daughter. She is gentle and kind to the peddler. 

5. Captain von Stahle-:  The ironmaster mistakes the peddler as his old friend Captain von Stahle. ( आयरन मास्टर गर्मी से पैडलर को अपना पुराना मित्र कैप्टेन वोन स्टेहल समझ लेता है।)

6 Elizabeth-:  She was ironmaster's wife. She had died. 

7. The blacksmith and his apprentice-: They work in ironmaster's forgery.

_________________&&&&________________

Examination type of Questions -: 

A) Multiple choice type Questions-; 

1.When did the peddler make small rattraps ?

Ans a) at odd moments b) everyday c) in the morning d) at night.

2. What material was used by the peddler to make rattraps?

Ans a) iron and wood b) only iron c) wire d) only wood.

3. Which one of the following statements is not true about the peddler?

a)  His business was not profitable.

b) He had to resort to both begging and petty thievery.

c) He purchased rattraps from the market and sold them.

d) He made the rattraps himself at odd moments.

4. Which one option is true about the physical appearance of  the  peddler/ tramp?

a) His clothes were in rags.

b) His cheeks were sunken.

c) Hunger gleamed in his eyes.

d) All of the above.

5. The peddler got the material for making rattraps from -----------

a)  the stores or big farms.

b) the market.

c) big farms.

d) the stores.

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1. The peddler's life was.........

a) very happy b) hectic c) joyous d) monotonous.

2. The peddler was suddenly struck by the idea about the world one day . What was it?

a) The world  was nothing but a dream.

b) The world was a stage.

c) The world was nothing but a big Rattrap.

d) None of these.

3. What temptations are offered by the world to the man?

a) riches and joy

b) shelter and food.

c) heat and clothing.

d) all of the above.

4. What is used as bait in the rattrap?

a) meat

b ) cheese

c) pork

d) both b &c .

5. The peddler was amused by the idea of the world being a big Rattrap because.......

a) the world had been very kind to him.

b) the world had never been kind to him.

c) both a & b

d) none of the above.

------++------------------------------------------

Q 1. Why was the peddler given to begging and petty thievery? ( पैडलर भीख और छोटी-छोटी चोरी का सहारा क्यों लेता था?)

Ans- a) Because his business was not profitable.

b) Because his business was profitable.

c) Because he had a habit of it.

d) None of the above.

2. Where did the peddler seek shelter one evening?

Ans- a) In a forge

b) In a big farm.

c) In a little cottage by the roadside.

d) None of the above.

3. What kind of hospitality did the peddler receive from the crofter?

Ans-: a) The crofter welcomed the peddler.

b) He gave him supper.

c) He played Mjolis with him.

d) All of the above.

Q4. Why was the crofter so talkative and friendly with the peddler?

Ans- a) The crofter was a lonely person.

b) The crofter was without wife or chid.

c) both a& b

d) none of the above.

Q5. Where did the crofter work in his days of prosperity?

Ans- a) He worked on the land of Ramsjo iron  works.

  b) He worked in a creamery

c) both a& b.

d) None of the above.

Q6-. How much money did the crofter earn by selling the milk?

Ans- a) Three Kronors  b) Thirty cronors

c) Thirteen Kronors d) none of the above

    

Q7-. Did the peddler respect the confidence reposed in him?

Ans-: a) Yes, he did.

b) No, he did not.

Q8. The peddler stole the money from the crofter. What did he do then?

Ans-: a) He walked straight on high way.

b) He took his way through the forest.

c) He hid himself in a forge.

d) None of the above.

Q9-. Why did the ironmaster speak kindly to the peddler and invite him home?

Ans- a) He was moved to pity over his miserable condition.

b) He mistook the peddler for his regimental acquaintance.

c) Both a & b.

d) None of the above.

Q10. Why did the peddler decline the ironmaster's invitation to come to his home?

Ans. A) He was feeling embarrassed.

B) He had the crofter's stolen money in his pocket.

C) He feared of being caught .

D) All of the above.

Q11. Who was Edla Willmansson?

Ans:- a) Crofter's daughter.

b) Peddler's friend.

c) Ironmaster's daughter.

d) An old lady.

Q12. Edla's behaviour with the tramp was .....

A) Compassionate

B) Modest

C) Friendly

D) All of the above.

Q13. What doubts did Edla have about the peddler?

Ans. a) The peddler was a thief.

b) He had escaped from jail.

c) both a & b

d) None of the above.

Q14. When the ironmaster realised his mistake , how was his attitude to the peddler changed?

Ans-: a) He still shows sympathy for the peddler.

b) He at once orders him to get out of his house.

c) He rebukes him for pretending a captain.

d) He calls in the police and gets him arrested.

Q15. What gift was left by the peddler for Edla?

Ans:- a) A Rattrap

b) Thirty Kronor

c) A diamond ring.

d) A gold ring.

________________________

Q1. How was the peddler entertained by Edla in her house?

Ans-: a) As a captain.

b) As a tramp

c) As a friend.

d) as a stranger.

Q2. The peddler leaves a packet for Edla as a Christmas gift. What was in it?

Ans-: a) small rattrap

b) three wrinkled ten krona notes

c) a letter.

d) all of the above.

Q3. Krona is a currency of......

a) Britain

b) Japan

C) Sweden 

D) Burma 

Q4. What did the peddler sign at the end of the letter?

Ans-: a) Captain

b) Captain Von Stahle-

c) Peddler.

d) none of the above.

Q5. What did the old crofter do for a living?

Ans:- a) He worked in an ironmill.

b) He was owner of an iron mill.

c) He sold the milk of his cow to a creamery.

d) He worked on his farm.

____________________________________

Summary :-

The Rattrap brings out the idea that no one is evil by birth or by nature. Every one has goodness in his heart. An evil person can change to become a good one if he is treated in a nice way.  The Rattrap is a story of a peddler who goes round selling rattrap which he makes himself by using wires. His business in not much profitable. So he is given to petty thievery. He thinks evil about the world. One night he takes shelter in a wayside cottage . Its owner is an oldman who lives alone. He welcomes the peddler in his cottage. He provides him food. He plays and talks intimately with the peddler. But the peddler robs him of his thirty Kronor. He breaks his faith. After stealing the money the peddler takes his way through the forest so that he may not be caught. But he is lost in the mazy forest. He can not find a way to come out of the forest. He realises that he has been trapped in the rattrap of the world. Just then he hears the sounds of hammer strokes coming from an iron mill. He enters the forge to warm himself. After a short time the owner of the mill comes there. He mistakes the peddler for his old acquaintance  and asks him to accompany him to his home. But the peddler wants to stay there. The ironmaster returns to his home. He tells his daughter about his old companion. His  daughter goes to the mill. She requests the peddler in a very humble way. The peddler gets ready to accompany her. On reaching the ironmaster's home, the peddler is bathed. His beard is trimmed. He is given the ironmaster's clothes to wear. In broad daylight ,the ironmaster realises his mistake. The peddler is not his old acquaintance. The ironmaster scolds him. He calls him a cheater. He asks him to leave his home at once. But his daughter intervenes. She requests her father to let him stay with them on the Christmas Eve. She says that the peddler never posed to be their acquaintance. It was all due to mistake. Thus Edla helps the peddler. She treats him nicely. Next morning the father and his daughter go to the church for morning prayer. There they hear that a peddler robbed the crofter of his thirty Kronor. When the girl hears this she is embarrassed very much. She repents that she let a rouge stay in her home. But when she comes to her home, she is amazed. The stranger had left. He did not take any thing with him. On the other hand he had left a packet for Edla. In the packet, there was a rattrap and a letter and three notes of ten Kronor each. In the letter he had written," Since you have been so nice to me all day long, I also want to be nice to you in return. You can give back the money to the old man on roadside. The Rattrap is a Christmas present from a rat who would have been caught in this world's rattrap if he had not been treated as a captain." Thus the nice behaviour of the girl transformed a ragamuffin.

Q1.From where did the peddler get the idea of the world being a rattrap?

Answer

One day the peddler was thinking of his rattraps. Suddenly he was struck by an idea that the whole world with its lands and seas, its cities and villages was nothing but a big rattrap. It offered riches and joys, shelter and food as baits in the same manner as the rattrap offered cheese and pork. As soon as someone touches the bait, he finds himself in the trap.

Q2.Why was he amused by the idea?
Ans. The peddler was struck with the idea that the whole world with its riches and joys; with its lands and seas; its cities and villages was nothing but a big rattrap. This idea gave him much satisfaction. The world had never been kind to him so it gave him unwanted joy to think I'll of it.

Q3. Did the peddler expect the kind of hospitality that he received from the crofter?
Ans. No, he didn't expect the kind of hospitality that he received from the crofter. He was often scolded and chased away by the people. 

Q4.Why was the crofter so talkative and friendly with the peddler?
Ans. The crofter was an old person who lived alone in his cottage. He was a very kind person. He welcomed the peddler thinking that he would have someone to talk in his loneliness. He played mjolis with him. He offered him food. He talked to him intimately.

Q5.Why did the crofter show pouch of thirty Kronor to the peddler?
Ans. The crofter told the peddler that he earned thirty Kronor by selling milk last month. The peddler seemed to be incredulous. So he showed him thirty Kronor to make him believe his story.

Q6. Did the peddler respect the confidence reposed in him?
Ans. The peddler was not a trustworthy fellow. The crofter offered him food and shelter. He talked to him very intimately. But the peddler shattered the faith reposed in him. He robbed the crofter of his thirty Kronor.

Q7.What made the peddler think that he had indeed fallen into a rattrap?

Ans. After stealing thirty Kronor from the crofter, the peddler took his way through the forest so that he might not be caught. But the forest was mazy. He could not find a way out of it. Then he realised that he had fallen into a rattrap.

Q8. Why did the ironmaster speak kindly to the peddler and invite him home?
Ans. The ironmaster mistook the peddler for his old acquaintance. He was moved to see his miserable condition. So he spoke to him kindly and invited him to his house.

Q9. Why did the peddler decline his invitation?
Ans. The peddler had thirty Kronor with him which he had stolen from the crofter. He feared that he would be caught by police. So he declined the ironmaster's invitation.

Q10.What made the peddler accept Edla Williamson's invitation?
Ans. Edla Williamson was a kind and gentle lady. She spoke in a very friendly way . The peddler could not decline her request.
Q11. When did the ironmaster realise his mistake? What did he do then?

Ans. The ironmaster realised his mistake when he saw the peddler next day in broad daylight. The peddler had been washed, his hair was cut, his beard was trimmed. He was not an acquaintance of the ironmaster. The ironmaster scolded him and called him a cheater. He asked him to leave his home at once.

Q12. What did the peddler say in his defence when it was clear that he was not the person the ironmaster had thought he was?
Ans. The peddler defended himself. He said that it was not his fault. He never posed to be a former captain and his acquaintance. He wanted to stay in the forge. But the ironmaster and his daughter Edla Williamson forced him to move in his home.

Q13. Why did Edla still entertain the peddler even after she knew the truth about him?
Ans. Edla Williamson was a generous lady. She came to know that the peddler was not an old acquaintance of her father. It was all a mistake due to darkness of night. She knew that the peddler never posed to be what he was not. She wanted to celebrate her Christmas with him. By serving him food on Christmas , she wanted to prove her charity and nobleness of heart.

Q14. What doubts did Edla have about the peddler?
Ans. The peddler looked very absurd in his rags. His looks and behaviour seemed doubtful. It appeared to Edla that he had stolen something or had escaped from jail. 

Q15. Why did the peddler sign himself as Captain von Stahle?
Ans. The peddler was entertained as a captain in the ironmaster's home. Edla addressed him as Captain all the time. It was in this role that his conscience was awakened and he escaped falling in world's rattrap. That's why he signed himself as Captain Von Stahle.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1.Write a brief character-sketch of the peddler. OR
     Who was the peddler? Why did he think that the whole world is a rattrap?
OR
The peddler comes out as a person with a great sense of humor. How does this serve in lightening the seriousness of the theme of the story and also endear him to us?

Ans. Consult the summary of the story.

How does the metaphor of rattrap serve to highlight the human predicament?

Ans. The metaphor of rattrap rightly serves to highlight the human predicament. The world is a big rattrap with all its riches and joys; food and shelter; heat and clothing. These worldly things serve as baits and dupe a noble man. These enticements serve same as pork and cheese serve to a rat. Just as the rat is entrapped as soon as he touches the pork or cheese similarly an honest and nobleman is entrapped in rattrap of the world. The peddler realises this when he finds no way out of the mazy forest. But Edla's nice behaviour serves as a medicine for his evilness and he escapes from falling in the rattrap of the world. His hidden nobleness comes to the brim.

.....******************************

""Do not care what people say , only care what your conscience says"

""Always hear your inner voice - the voice of conscience because it is true"


"" I have seen strange unity in people to pull down the living persons and lifting the dead ones"

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                                             SAT FOR MAY 2018     M.M. 40 Time 1 h.
**Note -      All Questions are compulsory
Q1-8 1 Mark each
Q9-13 2 Marks each
Q14-17 3 Marks each
Q18-19  5 Marks each

Q1. Who is the writer of the lesson "The Rattrap"?
Q2. Who was Franz?
Q3. Which language was imposed in Alsace after the district was annexed by the German Forces?
Q4. Name the daughter of the iron master?
Q5. Which city is famous for making bangles?
Q6. Which pool was considered safe for swimming?
Q7. What is metaphor?
Q8. Who is Savita?                                              1*8= 8 marks
Q9. What changes were noticed by Franz in the school on that day?
10  What was Franz expected to learn on that day?
11. Why did the peddler decline the iron master's invitatation?
12.  How is Mukesh's attitudde different from his family?
13. What happened when the writer was 3 or 4 year old? (From Deep Water)
14. When did the ironmaster realise his mistake? what did he do then?
15. Mention the hazards of working in a glass blowing industry?
16. How did Douglas overcome his fear of water?
17. What happened when the church clock struck 12?
18. You are Harminder of 20 Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi. People in your area have been getting polluted water supply for sometime. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about it.
19. Write in brief the summary of the lesson 'The Rattrap'
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