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Usually we divide articles in two groups-
1.Indefinite Article- A, An are indefinite articles. They are used before singular countable nouns.
Example- a book, a dog, an apple, a university, an interesting story etc.
A' is used before those singular nouns which start from the 'CONSONANT SOUND'
AN' is used before those singular nouns which start from the' VOWEL SOUND'
Examples-
--A----- one-eyed boy
--A------- fat boy.
----A-----unique story.
-----An---umbrella
---A----European
----A-----University
----A-----unanimous vote.
----An-----honest boy
We do not use indefinite article in following cases-
1) before plural nouns- A boys - A is wrong
ii) before material nouns- air ,water, wool, iron, gold, bronze, wood, silver, etc.
---x--- Air is essential for life. Here article is not used before air. Similarly-
---x--- Water is very valuable.
--x-- Gold is a precious metal.
But if material noun is used in some specific sense we use article-'the' as explained in latter sentences.
The Gold used in this ring is very special.
वह सोना जो इस अंगुठी मेंं प्रयोग किया गया है वह बहुत स्पेशल है।( हम विशेष की बात कर रहे हैं।)
Similarly
We say
Water is essential for life. Water से पहले artical is not used क्योंकि सामान्य बात हो रही है।but if we say- इस जग मेंं रखा पानी बहुत ठंडा है।
The water in this jug is very chilled. Here we talk of a particular water . So 'the' is used before it.
iii) lunch, breakfast, dinner आदि से पहले कोई article नहीं लगाया जाता। परन्तु विशेष भोजन होतो article the लगाया जाता है।
उदाहरण-i) I usually do not take ---x----- lunch.
ii) We arranged --x--- dinner for the guest.
iii). They came to me when I was taking--x-- breakfast.
IV) खेल के नाम से पहले भी कोई आर्टिकल नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे- ---x--- Football is an expensive game.
But if we use match with football, then 'a'
Article is used.e.g.
I) I saw a football match.
5 बीमारियों के नाम से पहले Artical नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे-
--- Cancer is a fatal disease.
He suffers from --- Malaria.
6. College, school, hospital आदि के नाम से पहले कोई artical नहीं लगाया जाता यदि इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया गया हो। for example-
He goes to ...x....school daily. He is a student.
Yesterday I didn't go to ----x ...college.
The patient was taken to ..x...hospital
But if we use them in particular sense or for a particular purpose, we use Artical' the' before them. For example-
I went to the hospital to see my friend who was admitted there.
7. Difference between the English and English
The English are hardworking people.
English is an easy language.
2. Definite Article - 'The ' is called definite article. It is used before those nouns which are specified or unique or which have been mentioned earlier.
Example- The Earth moves round the sun.
The following things carry article the before them.
1. Name of Newspapers:-
The Tribune is published from Chandigarh.
Similarly , The Times of India, The Hindu, The Economic Times, The National Herald.
2. Name of Magazines:-
The Review, The Debonair, The Pratiyogita Darpan, The Competition Sucess.
3. The names of Rivers
The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Satluz
4 The names of Mountains:-
The Himalayas, The Vindhyachal
5 The names of Oceans-:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean.
6. Before the names of heavenly bodies
Example- the sun, the moon, the earth etc
7 दिशाओं के नाम से पहले यदि preposition हो- जैसे:-
In the east, in the north etc. लेकिन यदि preposition न हो तो article नहीं लगाया जाता।
जैसे:- East or West home is the best.
8. Before the names of trains, ships, airlines
Example- The Frontier Mail, The Satabdi Express, The Indian Airlines, The Taj Express, The Vikrant,
9 Before the names of dams
Example - The Bhakta Dam, The Sardar Sarovar Dam
10 Before the names of Islands , deserts and canals
Example.,- The Andaman Nicobar Islands, the Sahara Desert, the Thar Desert, the Panama Canal, The Nehru Canal
11. Religious books
The Gita, the Ramayan, The Bible
12 Nations- The English अंग्रेज लोग
The French फ्रांसीसी लोग। यहाँ अन्तर जानिए :- यदि article न लगाया जाए तो अर्थ बदल जाता है:-
I like English , it means I like English language.
If I say , I like the English. It means I like the English people.
13. Historical places-
The Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, The Golden Temple
14 Political Parties.
The Bhartiya Janta Party, The Congress, The Lok Dal
15 Historical events, battles etc
The battle of Plassey, the battle of Panipat, the battle of Waterloo
16. In such phrases
In the morning, in the evening , in the afternoon.
But we say -: at noon, at night, at day break etc
17 Superlative degree:- the best, the strongest, the most intelligent .
Sometimes we use 'the' before comparative degrees of adjective -:
Example:- The higher you go, the cooler it becomes.जितना ऊपर जाएंगे, उतनी ही ठंड बढेगी।
The more, the merrier.
The older he grew, the worse he became. In these sentences we see that there is comparison between two states of degrees.
18. All व both के बाद तथा whole, same से पहले - जैसे,-
All the boys are present in the class.
The whole class was present.
19. Cardinal numbers
The first, the second, the third ...
20. प्राय व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा से पहले article नहीं लगता, लेकिन पूरे कुल को बताने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग करते हैं। The Sharmas, the Bhakers, the Guptas The Nehrus etc.
Note- sometimes, article 'a' is used before a proper noun . Example
A Rajeev was asking for you. इस वाक्य का अर्थ यह है कि (एक राजीव नाम का व्यक्ति आपको पूछ रहा था।)
यहाँ स्पष्ट है कि वक्ता राजीव को नहीं जानता।
कई बार proper nounको common noun बनाने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:-
Kalidas is called the Shakespeare of India .
Exercise 1 for students.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate article where necessary-:
a) It is not .... easy task
b) My mother gave me .... ten rupee note
c) I bought two...…. inkpots.
d) ... Gita is holy book of .... Hindus.
e). ... Gita is ... intelligent girl .
f) .... Indian Express is very popular these days.
g) My friend Sita is .... very honest girl
h) Rahul is not .... honest boy .
I) He goes to ...... University for higher studies.
j) This is ....... unique place
k) .....higher you go,...... cooler it becomes.
l) I don't know ...... boy who came to the office yesterday.
m) .... Sun sets in.,...West.
n) They played on .....bank of ....Yamuna.
o) He came to me at..... noon .
p) .....Diwali is a festival of ... Hindus.
q) I met ....... European boy .
r) ......girl in red is my sister .
s) ......older he grows,........wiser he becomes.
t) ......rich should help......poor.
Ans 1an,b)a,c)x,d)the, the,e)X, an f), the g),a,h) an, I)a, j)a k) the, the l) the m) the, the, n) the,X o) X p) the, the q) a r) The,s) The, the t) The, the.
Exercise 2
1 I go to......school daily .I read in 12th class .
2. My father sometimes visits.....school to see the Principal.
3. He gave me...... five rupee note
4. It was .... Unique story.
5. He purchased ... new house.
6 . She is .... intelligent girl.
7. I go to.... temple daily.
8. Sugar is sold forty rupees...kilo
9. My father brought ... basket of....eggs
10. I saw ..... European girl.
Note . Write the answers and show your teacher.
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Wednesday, 12 February 2020
Wednesday, 9 October 2019
Should Wizard Hit Mommy
Q1. What moral issue does the lesson raise?
Or
How does Jo want the story to end and why? Or
An adult's perspective is different from that of a child. Why?
And - The story "Should Wizard Hit Mommy" raises a deep moral issue. It explains the two perspectives (नजरिया) of our thinking - one is the view of the adults which is realistic(वास्तविक वादी) and rational (तर्कसंगत), the second is of the children which is idealistic (आदर्श वादी) and imaginary. In the story Jo's father embodies (प्रतिरूप) the first view while she represents the second one. She is not happy with the ending of the story because she has now started asking questions and she doesn't take everything for granted. She believes that the wizard had done nothing wrong by providing smell of roses to Skunk. He had acted according to Roger Skunk's will (इच्छा) and he should have been rewarded for this. But
contrary (विपरीत)to this, he is reprimanded (प्रताड़ित करना) and hit by Jo's Mommy. Now Jo is not an infant and she rationalises (तर्क करती है) with her father and wants the story end other way round in which the wizard should have hit Mommy.
Q - What impression do you form of Jack as a father?
Ans- Jack is a loving father. He loves his little daughter very much. He daily tells her a story in the evening and for Saturday naps . He invents daily a new story with some variations.(भिन्नता). The character of his story is always a small creature "Roger" with some problems. The animal goes to the wise old owl for solutions. The owl then sends the animal to the wizard. The wizard makes magic spell with his magic wand (छड़ी) and the problem is solved. The purpose of Jack's story is only to amuse his daughter . As a story teller Jack is successful. He creates interest in his story. His daughter keeps waiting his home coming. But sometimes he can't justify with the ending of his story. When Jo tries to ask questions about the ending of the story, he can't satisfy her. Like all elders , he wants the youngers to follow their elders with respect. That's why he doesn't want Jo to form a negative view of her Mommy. He says that Mommy is always right, however he can't give a solid reason. In brief, we can say that Jack is a loving father, a devoted husband and a good story teller. We praise him.
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Short And Type Questions-:
Q1. Who is Jo? How does she respond to her father's story telling?
And. Jo is a little girl. She is now 4 years old and has started going to a nursery school. She started listening stories from her father when she was two years old.In the beginning she agreed whatever her father told her. But now she has become very inquisitive. She asks wise questions to make her point clear. For example she would ask ," Are magic spells real?" Or "Is God really in sky? " She doesn't agree with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should have hit Mommy back on her head. Jack does not like her questioning. He wants that she should listen whatever he tells and go to sleep. But she doesn't take everything for granted. ( परन्तु वह बिना तर्क हर बात को स्वीकार नहीं करती). She has developed a different perspective.
Q2.Why does Jack insist that it was the wizard that was hit and not the mother?
And -: Jack tries to convey the message that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. They should never ask questions about what their elders do or say. That's why he insists that mommy was right when she hit the wizard. However, he fails to justify his statement.
Q3. What makes Jack feel caught in an ugly middle position?
And. Jack tells Jo a story in which Roger Skunk's Mommy hits the wizard without any reason. Jo thinks that the wizard should have hit Mommy back. But Jack tries to convey that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. He insists that Mommy was right when she hit the wizard but he fails to justify his statement.Thus he feels caught in an ugly middle position.
Q4:- Why did Roger Skunk go in search of the wizard? Or What was Roger Skunk's problem? Where did he go to solve the problem?
And. Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals run away from him. The old wise owl told him that the wizard could help him. So he went to the wizard to solve his problem.
Q5 How did the wizard help Roger Skunk?
And:- The wizard took a magic wand and chanted a spell. The whole of the room filled with the smell of roses. Roger Skunk ,too, had the smell of roses. His bad smell had gone. He was happy.
Q6-: How did Roger Skunk's mother react when he had smell of roses?
Ans-: Roger Skunk's mother was not happy when her Skunk got the smell of roses. She liked her Skunk in his original smell. She got angry and went to the wizard and hit him on his head. She asked the wizard to revert his spell . The wizard said,"OK" And Roger Skunk smelled very bad again.
Q7:- What is your stance regarding the two endings of the story?
Ans-: I agree with Jo's views. The wizard should have hit Mommy back on her back. He had acted according to the will of the Skunk. He had done nothing wrong. Why should Mommy hit him.
Or
How does Jo want the story to end and why? Or
An adult's perspective is different from that of a child. Why?
And - The story "Should Wizard Hit Mommy" raises a deep moral issue. It explains the two perspectives (नजरिया) of our thinking - one is the view of the adults which is realistic(वास्तविक वादी) and rational (तर्कसंगत), the second is of the children which is idealistic (आदर्श वादी) and imaginary. In the story Jo's father embodies (प्रतिरूप) the first view while she represents the second one. She is not happy with the ending of the story because she has now started asking questions and she doesn't take everything for granted. She believes that the wizard had done nothing wrong by providing smell of roses to Skunk. He had acted according to Roger Skunk's will (इच्छा) and he should have been rewarded for this. But
contrary (विपरीत)to this, he is reprimanded (प्रताड़ित करना) and hit by Jo's Mommy. Now Jo is not an infant and she rationalises (तर्क करती है) with her father and wants the story end other way round in which the wizard should have hit Mommy.
Q - What impression do you form of Jack as a father?
Ans- Jack is a loving father. He loves his little daughter very much. He daily tells her a story in the evening and for Saturday naps . He invents daily a new story with some variations.(भिन्नता). The character of his story is always a small creature "Roger" with some problems. The animal goes to the wise old owl for solutions. The owl then sends the animal to the wizard. The wizard makes magic spell with his magic wand (छड़ी) and the problem is solved. The purpose of Jack's story is only to amuse his daughter . As a story teller Jack is successful. He creates interest in his story. His daughter keeps waiting his home coming. But sometimes he can't justify with the ending of his story. When Jo tries to ask questions about the ending of the story, he can't satisfy her. Like all elders , he wants the youngers to follow their elders with respect. That's why he doesn't want Jo to form a negative view of her Mommy. He says that Mommy is always right, however he can't give a solid reason. In brief, we can say that Jack is a loving father, a devoted husband and a good story teller. We praise him.
___________________________________________
Short And Type Questions-:
Q1. Who is Jo? How does she respond to her father's story telling?
And. Jo is a little girl. She is now 4 years old and has started going to a nursery school. She started listening stories from her father when she was two years old.In the beginning she agreed whatever her father told her. But now she has become very inquisitive. She asks wise questions to make her point clear. For example she would ask ," Are magic spells real?" Or "Is God really in sky? " She doesn't agree with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should have hit Mommy back on her head. Jack does not like her questioning. He wants that she should listen whatever he tells and go to sleep. But she doesn't take everything for granted. ( परन्तु वह बिना तर्क हर बात को स्वीकार नहीं करती). She has developed a different perspective.
Q2.Why does Jack insist that it was the wizard that was hit and not the mother?
And -: Jack tries to convey the message that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. They should never ask questions about what their elders do or say. That's why he insists that mommy was right when she hit the wizard. However, he fails to justify his statement.
Q3. What makes Jack feel caught in an ugly middle position?
And. Jack tells Jo a story in which Roger Skunk's Mommy hits the wizard without any reason. Jo thinks that the wizard should have hit Mommy back. But Jack tries to convey that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. He insists that Mommy was right when she hit the wizard but he fails to justify his statement.Thus he feels caught in an ugly middle position.
Q4:- Why did Roger Skunk go in search of the wizard? Or What was Roger Skunk's problem? Where did he go to solve the problem?
And. Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals run away from him. The old wise owl told him that the wizard could help him. So he went to the wizard to solve his problem.
Q5 How did the wizard help Roger Skunk?
And:- The wizard took a magic wand and chanted a spell. The whole of the room filled with the smell of roses. Roger Skunk ,too, had the smell of roses. His bad smell had gone. He was happy.
Q6-: How did Roger Skunk's mother react when he had smell of roses?
Ans-: Roger Skunk's mother was not happy when her Skunk got the smell of roses. She liked her Skunk in his original smell. She got angry and went to the wizard and hit him on his head. She asked the wizard to revert his spell . The wizard said,"OK" And Roger Skunk smelled very bad again.
Q7:- What is your stance regarding the two endings of the story?
Ans-: I agree with Jo's views. The wizard should have hit Mommy back on her back. He had acted according to the will of the Skunk. He had done nothing wrong. Why should Mommy hit him.
Some other important questions
1. Why did Roger Skunk go to see old owl?
Ans-: Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals ran away from him when he went to play with them. So he went to the old wise owl to seek his advice in this regard.
Q2. What advise do the old wise owl give to the Skunk?
Ans-: The old wise owl advised the Skunk to see the wizard to solve his problem
Q3. Who was Jack? Where did he work?
Ans-: Jack was little Jo's father . He worked at Boston. He used to tell Jo a story every day. So she eagerly waited him.
Q4 .What had Jack been doing for two years?
Ans-: For two years , Jack had been telling Jo a story of a little animal, Roger fish or Roger squirrel or Roger Skunk. He told nearly the same story with little variations.
Q5. Was Skunk's mother happy when he got the smell of roses? Why?
Ans-: The Skunk's mother was not happy when he got the smell of roses. She liked his skunk in his original shape. So she went to the wizard and hit him hard on his head. She asked him to make his Skunk smell as he was earlier.
Q6-. Was the Skunk happy when he got the smell of roses? How do you know?
Ans.- Yes , the Skunk was very happy when he got the smell of roses. He went to home jumping with joy. His joy knew no bounds when all his friends played with him.
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Thursday, 19 September 2019
Journey to the End of the Earth (Tishani Doshi)
#Stay Home, Stay Safe"
Updated on 11/5/2020
Q1. Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's past, present and future. Comment on this.
Ans- The writer has rightly said that Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's present, past and future. There are many reasons to believe this. First and the foremost reason is that Antarctica is unaffected by human population and their activities, so it is in its purest state which is favourable to study its past. Secondly, there may be some clues about past in the Antarctica region hidden under the folds of ice. Thirdly, one can wonder how the sheets of thick ice suddenly break and collapse indicating the dangers of global warming and its impact on environment. More over, the atmosphere at the Antarctica is serene and peaceful which indicates the primitive state of our Earth.
Q2. "Take care of small things and the big things will take care of themselves". Comment on the appropriateness of this statement in context with the Antarctica region.
Ans-: This statement is very apt in context with the Antarctica region. In this region, there are single celled plants called as phytoplanktons. These plants are source of food for the marine animals. They synthesize food using carbon-dioxide, water and sun energy. If the growth of these plants is affected , the whole ecological balance in Antarctica region is spoiled. So in order to maintain ecological balance in Antarctica region, we must take care of small things i.e. phytoplanktons. Secondly, we are using fossil fuels recklessly. It causes global warming. So we should burn fossil fuels judiciously. By doing so we can aver the danger of global warming.
Q3. The world's geological history is trapped in Antarctica. How is the study of this region useful to us?
Ans- Refer to Ans. Of question 1.
Q4. What are Geoff Green's reason for including high school students in the "Students on Ice" expedition (अभियान)?
Ans. Geoff Green believes that high school students are important and responsible members of our future generation. They are our future policy makers. They have ability to absorb, learn and act. By their visit to Antarctica, they can understand the real danger of global warming. In future when they grow up, they will take important steps to protect the environment and control population explosion. For these reasons, Geoff Green included the students of high school in "Students on Ice" programme.
_____________________________________________
Updated on 11/5/2020
Q1. Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's past, present and future. Comment on this.
Ans- The writer has rightly said that Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's present, past and future. There are many reasons to believe this. First and the foremost reason is that Antarctica is unaffected by human population and their activities, so it is in its purest state which is favourable to study its past. Secondly, there may be some clues about past in the Antarctica region hidden under the folds of ice. Thirdly, one can wonder how the sheets of thick ice suddenly break and collapse indicating the dangers of global warming and its impact on environment. More over, the atmosphere at the Antarctica is serene and peaceful which indicates the primitive state of our Earth.
Q2. "Take care of small things and the big things will take care of themselves". Comment on the appropriateness of this statement in context with the Antarctica region.
Ans-: This statement is very apt in context with the Antarctica region. In this region, there are single celled plants called as phytoplanktons. These plants are source of food for the marine animals. They synthesize food using carbon-dioxide, water and sun energy. If the growth of these plants is affected , the whole ecological balance in Antarctica region is spoiled. So in order to maintain ecological balance in Antarctica region, we must take care of small things i.e. phytoplanktons. Secondly, we are using fossil fuels recklessly. It causes global warming. So we should burn fossil fuels judiciously. By doing so we can aver the danger of global warming.
Q3. The world's geological history is trapped in Antarctica. How is the study of this region useful to us?
Ans- Refer to Ans. Of question 1.
Q4. What are Geoff Green's reason for including high school students in the "Students on Ice" expedition (अभियान)?
Ans. Geoff Green believes that high school students are important and responsible members of our future generation. They are our future policy makers. They have ability to absorb, learn and act. By their visit to Antarctica, they can understand the real danger of global warming. In future when they grow up, they will take important steps to protect the environment and control population explosion. For these reasons, Geoff Green included the students of high school in "Students on Ice" programme.
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Monday, 24 December 2018
Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Summary of the poem:-
( Analysis by Baljit Singh)
It is a small but beautiful poem written by Adrienne Rich. It is a symbolic poem conveying the message of male dominance . The poem has three stanzas only. The first one explains the tigers which aunt Jennifer has embroidered on the screen. The tigers are walking in the green world with a chivalric pace. They are not afraid of the men sitting beneath the trees. They look like a bright topaz.
The second stanza explains the influence of uncle's dominant personality on aunt Jennifer. She is suppressed and submissive. She has a great burden of household chorus. She is too weak to pull the needle through her wool. Her hands flutter due to weakness . Her wedding band seems massive for her weak hands.
The third stanza contrasts life and art. It suggests that life is short-lived whereas art is immortal. The tigers which she has made on the panel will go on prancing even after her death . They won't lose their beauty,grace and dignity in coming years but she will lay buried in a grave unknown and forgotten.
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( Analysis by Baljit Singh)
It is a small but beautiful poem written by Adrienne Rich. It is a symbolic poem conveying the message of male dominance . The poem has three stanzas only. The first one explains the tigers which aunt Jennifer has embroidered on the screen. The tigers are walking in the green world with a chivalric pace. They are not afraid of the men sitting beneath the trees. They look like a bright topaz.
The second stanza explains the influence of uncle's dominant personality on aunt Jennifer. She is suppressed and submissive. She has a great burden of household chorus. She is too weak to pull the needle through her wool. Her hands flutter due to weakness . Her wedding band seems massive for her weak hands.
The third stanza contrasts life and art. It suggests that life is short-lived whereas art is immortal. The tigers which she has made on the panel will go on prancing even after her death . They won't lose their beauty,grace and dignity in coming years but she will lay buried in a grave unknown and forgotten.
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Active and Passive voice (by simple method) high level students
Hello Students! You are waiting for my new post. You have demanded for a post on "Change Voice".
Students, remember that before starting to learn voice, you must have knowledge of tense. At least, you should have knowledge of structure of the tense.
Lets take the verb write and transform it in different tenses and their passive voice.
Some important facts about the rules for changing voice:-
1. Always use V3 (3rd form of verb) in passive voice.
2. Active voice में कर्ता (subject)प्रधान होता है जबकि passive voice में कर्म( object) प्रधान होता है।
3. Passive voice में by का प्रयोग किया जाता है। परंतु यदि क्रिया करनेवाला agent (subject) understood हो तो by तथा subject का प्रयोग नहींं किया जाता।
जैसे,
People speak English all over the world.
लोग सारे संसार मेंं अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं।
English is spoken all over the world.(by people) (लोगों द्वारा)
सारे संसार में अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
यहां 'by people' लगाना आवश्यक नहीं है।
जल्लाद ने अपराधी को फाँसी दी।
(The executioner hanged the culprit)
The culprit was hanged (by the executioner)
अपराधी को फाँसी दी गई।
हमें पता है फाँसी किसने दी ,इसलिए by the executioner लगाना आवश्यक नही है।
Similarly ,there are endless sentences in which the subject is understood and it may be omitted in passive voice.
Now tense wise exercises of voice.
1 Present Indefinite Tense
Simple sentences:-
Sub + v1(s,es)+obj. (Active Voice)
Obj.(as sub.) + is/am/are+ v3 + by+ sub.(as obj)
Examples
1. Ravi writes a story.
A story is written by Ravi.
2. She plays football in the ground.
Football is played by her in the ground.
3. Hindus worship goddess Lakshmi.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped by the Hindus.
Negative sentences:-
He does not write a letter. (A.V.)
A letter is not written by him.(P.V.)
They do not answer your question.(A.V.)
Your question is not answered by them.(P.V.
Interrogative Sentences
Do you like coffee?(A.V.)
Is coffee liked by you?(P.V.)
What do you want?(A.V.)
What is wanted by you?(P.V.)
Whom do you like?(A.V.)
Who is liked by you?(P.V.)
How do farmers grow crop?(A.V.)
How is crop grown by farmers?(P.V.)
Exercise for students
Change voice of the following sentences:-
1. You sing a song.
2. I do my work on time.
3. She does not hate children.
4. Some dirty people throw poly bags in streets.
5. Do you dislike the traitors?
6. Do crickets make homes?
7. When does he write a novel?
8. How do you know me?
Note- कुछ verbs के साथ by का प्रयोग न करके किसी अन्य preposition का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे
Know to, interested in, indulged in , contain in, consist in etc.
9. Your story does not interest me.
(I am not interested in your story)
10. This jug contains milk.
___________________________________________
Present continuous tense:-
Simple sentences,
Sub+ is/am/are+v1+ing+obj.
Obj.+is/am/are+being+v3 + by +sub.(as obj.)
Examples
I am writing a blog.
A blog is being written by me.
They are following me.
I am being followed by them.
Negative sentences,
I am not inviting them on my birthday party.
They are not being invited by me on my birthday party.
The crowd is not shouting slogans on the office gate.
Slogans are not being shouted on the office gate by the crowd
Rich people are not investing money in insurance policies.
Money is not being invested in insurance policies by rich people.
Interrogative sentences:-
Structure:-
Is/am/are+sub+v1 +ing+obj?(a.v.)
Is/am/are +obj.+being+v3 +by+sub?(p.v.)
Wh+is/am/are+sub.+v1+ing+obj?(A.V.)
Wh+is/am/are+obj+being+v3 +by + sub(p.v.)
Are you making good money in business?(a.v.)
Is good money being made in business by you?(p.v.)
What are you doing at this time?
What is being done by you at this time?
How much profit is your company making these days?
How much profit is being made by your company these days?
Exercise
1. They are wasting their time.
2. Sampat is plowing his fields.
3. Rajan is not using pesticides in his crops.
4. Farmers are not selling grain this year.
5. Are students making a noise?
6. Am I not helping you now?
7. How are some farmers using organic compost in their fields?
8. Which books are you purchasing from the book fair?
9.Why are they not liking his posts?
10. How is he making money by selling drugs?
_____________________________________________
Present perfect tense
Sub+has/have+v3 +obj. (Active voice)
Obj.+has/have+been+v3 +by+sub.(p.v.)
Examples
Simple sentences:-
He has written a letter.(active voice)
A letter has been written by him.(passive )
Negative sentences:-
He has not completed his work.
His work has not been completed by him.
Interrogative sentences:-
Have you finished that work?
Has that work been finished by you?
What has he brought for you?
What has been brought by him for you?
Why has the government brought population control bill in the parliament?
Why has population control bill been brought in parliament by the government?
Now read the following sentences and change voice
1. The elections have been declared.
(चुनाव घोषित किए जा चुके हैं।)
2. Bio-metric attendance system has been implemented in government offices.
सरकारी कार्यालयो मेंं बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली लागू की जा चुकी है।
Both of the above sentences are written in passive form. चुनाव की घोषणा या बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली किसने लागू की यह स्पष्ट है। इन्हें active voice मे बदलना है।
In both sentences 'by the government' subject understood है।
1 The government has declared the elections.
2. The government has implemented bio-metric attendance system in government offices.
Exercise for students:-
Change voice:-
1. I have visited Tajmahal many a time.
2. The farmers have sowed seeds by now.
3. Tickets have been checked.
4. All friends have been invited in the party.
5. Has he taken coaching for competitive exam?
6. How much money has he spent for treatment of his wife?
7. Culprits have been arrested within a week.
8. My facebook account has been hacked.
9. Someone has created a fake account.
10. Have you improved your writing skills?
____________________________________________
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
STRUCTURE:-
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Sub+v2+obj. ( Active)
Obj.+was/were+v3 +by+sub. (Passive)
He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him.
Negative sentences:-
Sub+ did not+v1+ obj.( Active)
Obj+was/were not+v3 + by +sub.(passive)
He did not write a letter.( Active)
A letter was not written by him.(passive)
Interrogative sentences:-
Did+sub+v1 +obj ?.(active)
Was/were+obj.+ V3 +by+ sub.? (Passive)
Did you write a letter?
Was a letter written by you?(passive)
Some more examples with answers.
1. He made a mistake.
A mistake was made by him.
2 Arun caught the thief.
The thief was caught by Arun.
3.He did not follow rules.
Rule were not followed by him.
4. Did he win the match?
Was the match won by him?
Some passive structures in which subject is understood. So it is not used.
The tickets were checked.(टिकटें चैक की गई।)
यह passie form है। इसका active voice बनाने के लिए understood sub का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
The T.T.E. checked the tickets.
Or
The conductor checked the tickets. Or
जब कर्ता स्पष्ट न हो तो subject ,'someone' लगाया जाता है।
Someone checked the tickets.
Exercise for students
1. He obeyed the teachers.
2. My cousin purchased a car.
3. She invited me on her birthday.
4. I left school last year.
5. You didn't tell the stories.
6. Ashoka founded a big empire.
7. Arun didn't find a good job.
8 Did he obey his parents?
9. Why did you punish the kids?
10. What did you have in breakfast?
11. Who checked these copies?
12. Tickets were distributed to able candidates.
13. Wrong-doers were punished .
14. A lecture was delivered on women's rights by the students of our school.
15. We watered the saplings daily in summer season.
__________________________________________
Past Continuous Tense
Students, remember that before starting to learn voice, you must have knowledge of tense. At least, you should have knowledge of structure of the tense.
Lets take the verb write and transform it in different tenses and their passive voice.
Some important facts about the rules for changing voice:-
1. Always use V3 (3rd form of verb) in passive voice.
2. Active voice में कर्ता (subject)प्रधान होता है जबकि passive voice में कर्म( object) प्रधान होता है।
3. Passive voice में by का प्रयोग किया जाता है। परंतु यदि क्रिया करनेवाला agent (subject) understood हो तो by तथा subject का प्रयोग नहींं किया जाता।
जैसे,
People speak English all over the world.
लोग सारे संसार मेंं अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं।
English is spoken all over the world.(by people) (लोगों द्वारा)
सारे संसार में अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
यहां 'by people' लगाना आवश्यक नहीं है।
जल्लाद ने अपराधी को फाँसी दी।
(The executioner hanged the culprit)
The culprit was hanged (by the executioner)
अपराधी को फाँसी दी गई।
हमें पता है फाँसी किसने दी ,इसलिए by the executioner लगाना आवश्यक नही है।
Similarly ,there are endless sentences in which the subject is understood and it may be omitted in passive voice.
Now tense wise exercises of voice.
1 Present Indefinite Tense
Simple sentences:-
Sub + v1(s,es)+obj. (Active Voice)
Obj.(as sub.) + is/am/are+ v3 + by+ sub.(as obj)
Examples
1. Ravi writes a story.
A story is written by Ravi.
2. She plays football in the ground.
Football is played by her in the ground.
3. Hindus worship goddess Lakshmi.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped by the Hindus.
Negative sentences:-
He does not write a letter. (A.V.)
A letter is not written by him.(P.V.)
They do not answer your question.(A.V.)
Your question is not answered by them.(P.V.
Interrogative Sentences
Do you like coffee?(A.V.)
Is coffee liked by you?(P.V.)
What do you want?(A.V.)
What is wanted by you?(P.V.)
Whom do you like?(A.V.)
Who is liked by you?(P.V.)
How do farmers grow crop?(A.V.)
How is crop grown by farmers?(P.V.)
Exercise for students
Change voice of the following sentences:-
1. You sing a song.
2. I do my work on time.
3. She does not hate children.
4. Some dirty people throw poly bags in streets.
5. Do you dislike the traitors?
6. Do crickets make homes?
7. When does he write a novel?
8. How do you know me?
Note- कुछ verbs के साथ by का प्रयोग न करके किसी अन्य preposition का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे
Know to, interested in, indulged in , contain in, consist in etc.
9. Your story does not interest me.
(I am not interested in your story)
10. This jug contains milk.
___________________________________________
Present continuous tense:-
Simple sentences,
Sub+ is/am/are+v1+ing+obj.
Obj.+is/am/are+being+v3 + by +sub.(as obj.)
Examples
I am writing a blog.
A blog is being written by me.
They are following me.
I am being followed by them.
Negative sentences,
I am not inviting them on my birthday party.
They are not being invited by me on my birthday party.
The crowd is not shouting slogans on the office gate.
Slogans are not being shouted on the office gate by the crowd
Rich people are not investing money in insurance policies.
Money is not being invested in insurance policies by rich people.
Interrogative sentences:-
Structure:-
Is/am/are+sub+v1 +ing+obj?(a.v.)
Is/am/are +obj.+being+v3 +by+sub?(p.v.)
Wh+is/am/are+sub.+v1+ing+obj?(A.V.)
Wh+is/am/are+obj+being+v3 +by + sub(p.v.)
Are you making good money in business?(a.v.)
Is good money being made in business by you?(p.v.)
What are you doing at this time?
What is being done by you at this time?
How much profit is your company making these days?
How much profit is being made by your company these days?
Exercise
1. They are wasting their time.
2. Sampat is plowing his fields.
3. Rajan is not using pesticides in his crops.
4. Farmers are not selling grain this year.
5. Are students making a noise?
6. Am I not helping you now?
7. How are some farmers using organic compost in their fields?
8. Which books are you purchasing from the book fair?
9.Why are they not liking his posts?
10. How is he making money by selling drugs?
_____________________________________________
Present perfect tense
Sub+has/have+v3 +obj. (Active voice)
Obj.+has/have+been+v3 +by+sub.(p.v.)
Examples
Simple sentences:-
He has written a letter.(active voice)
A letter has been written by him.(passive )
Negative sentences:-
He has not completed his work.
His work has not been completed by him.
Interrogative sentences:-
Have you finished that work?
Has that work been finished by you?
What has he brought for you?
What has been brought by him for you?
Why has the government brought population control bill in the parliament?
Why has population control bill been brought in parliament by the government?
Now read the following sentences and change voice
1. The elections have been declared.
(चुनाव घोषित किए जा चुके हैं।)
2. Bio-metric attendance system has been implemented in government offices.
सरकारी कार्यालयो मेंं बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली लागू की जा चुकी है।
Both of the above sentences are written in passive form. चुनाव की घोषणा या बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली किसने लागू की यह स्पष्ट है। इन्हें active voice मे बदलना है।
In both sentences 'by the government' subject understood है।
1 The government has declared the elections.
2. The government has implemented bio-metric attendance system in government offices.
Exercise for students:-
Change voice:-
1. I have visited Tajmahal many a time.
2. The farmers have sowed seeds by now.
3. Tickets have been checked.
4. All friends have been invited in the party.
5. Has he taken coaching for competitive exam?
6. How much money has he spent for treatment of his wife?
7. Culprits have been arrested within a week.
8. My facebook account has been hacked.
9. Someone has created a fake account.
10. Have you improved your writing skills?
____________________________________________
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
STRUCTURE:-
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Sub+v2+obj. ( Active)
Obj.+was/were+v3 +by+sub. (Passive)
He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him.
Negative sentences:-
Sub+ did not+v1+ obj.( Active)
Obj+was/were not+v3 + by +sub.(passive)
He did not write a letter.( Active)
A letter was not written by him.(passive)
Interrogative sentences:-
Did+sub+v1 +obj ?.(active)
Was/were+obj.+ V3 +by+ sub.? (Passive)
Did you write a letter?
Was a letter written by you?(passive)
Some more examples with answers.
1. He made a mistake.
A mistake was made by him.
2 Arun caught the thief.
The thief was caught by Arun.
3.He did not follow rules.
Rule were not followed by him.
4. Did he win the match?
Was the match won by him?
Some passive structures in which subject is understood. So it is not used.
The tickets were checked.(टिकटें चैक की गई।)
यह passie form है। इसका active voice बनाने के लिए understood sub का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
The T.T.E. checked the tickets.
Or
The conductor checked the tickets. Or
जब कर्ता स्पष्ट न हो तो subject ,'someone' लगाया जाता है।
Someone checked the tickets.
Exercise for students
1. He obeyed the teachers.
2. My cousin purchased a car.
3. She invited me on her birthday.
4. I left school last year.
5. You didn't tell the stories.
6. Ashoka founded a big empire.
7. Arun didn't find a good job.
8 Did he obey his parents?
9. Why did you punish the kids?
10. What did you have in breakfast?
11. Who checked these copies?
12. Tickets were distributed to able candidates.
13. Wrong-doers were punished .
14. A lecture was delivered on women's rights by the students of our school.
15. We watered the saplings daily in summer season.
__________________________________________
Past Continuous Tense
- Structure-:
- Object as sub. +Was/were+ being +V3+by+ subject as object
- Example-: Active voice-: He was wasting the money.
- Passive Voice-: The money was being wasted by him.
Saturday, 22 December 2018
Wednesday, 12 December 2018
Advertisements
Writing advertisement is an art. An advertisement should be:-
1. Brief
2. Attractive
3. Meaningful
4. It must convey the desired information in a brief and lucid manner.
Examples:-
1. Write an advertisement promoting sale of an Solar geyser launched by your company recently. Invent all necessary details.
__________-__________________________________
Save Your Power Bills
Use Newly Launched Solar Geysers
For
Homes, Hospitals & Factories
Main Features:-
* Strong and Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* 10 years warranty
* Free Installation
Contact us at:
Jakhar Solar Systems, 22, Bhagat Singh Market, Jhajjar.
Mob. No.: ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
__________________________________________
2. Write an advertisement for an electronic water purifier launched by your company recently.
_____________________________________________
Save yourself from waterborne diseases
Install at
Homes , Hospitals & Offices
Our newly launched water purifier
Main Features:-
* Strong & Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* Five Years Warranty
* G.S.T. Bills
* Free installation
Contact us at:-
Jakhar Electronics, Bhagat Singh Market,
Jhajjar
Mob. No. ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
___________-________________________________
3. You propose to sell a flat as you are going abroad. Write an advertisement for it. Sign yourself as Arun Kumar of 119, Geeta Colony Kurukshetra.
_____________________________________________
Flat For Sale
A beautiful and newly built flat is available for sale at Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra. The main features of the flat are:-
* Two spacious bedrooms , a drawing room and a lobby.
* Marble flooring.
* Well furnished kitchen.
* Modern bathroom and toilet.
* Separate stairs.
* View of public park from balcony.
* Reasonable prices.
Contact for detail:-
Arun Kumar, 119, Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra.
Mob. ×××××××680
_____________________________________________
4.
Write a notice for the Lost and Found column of a National Daily Newspaper intimating the people of your file which you lost somewhere while travelling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus.
_____________________________________________
Lost and Found
While traveling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus I lost my file containing some important documents such as passport, driving license, adhar card and some money. If they are not found, I may face a great difficulty. The finder is requested to send it on my address or inform me on my mobile number . A good cash prize with countless thanks is promised.
Chain Singh
VPO Jhamri,
Mob.no. xxxxx96580.
_______________________________________
1. Brief
2. Attractive
3. Meaningful
4. It must convey the desired information in a brief and lucid manner.
Examples:-
1. Write an advertisement promoting sale of an Solar geyser launched by your company recently. Invent all necessary details.
__________-__________________________________
Save Your Power Bills
Use Newly Launched Solar Geysers
For
Homes, Hospitals & Factories
Main Features:-
* Strong and Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* 10 years warranty
* Free Installation
Contact us at:
Jakhar Solar Systems, 22, Bhagat Singh Market, Jhajjar.
Mob. No.: ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
__________________________________________
2. Write an advertisement for an electronic water purifier launched by your company recently.
_____________________________________________
Save yourself from waterborne diseases
Install at
Homes , Hospitals & Offices
Our newly launched water purifier
Main Features:-
* Strong & Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* Five Years Warranty
* G.S.T. Bills
* Free installation
Contact us at:-
Jakhar Electronics, Bhagat Singh Market,
Jhajjar
Mob. No. ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
___________-________________________________
3. You propose to sell a flat as you are going abroad. Write an advertisement for it. Sign yourself as Arun Kumar of 119, Geeta Colony Kurukshetra.
_____________________________________________
Flat For Sale
A beautiful and newly built flat is available for sale at Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra. The main features of the flat are:-
* Two spacious bedrooms , a drawing room and a lobby.
* Marble flooring.
* Well furnished kitchen.
* Modern bathroom and toilet.
* Separate stairs.
* View of public park from balcony.
* Reasonable prices.
Contact for detail:-
Arun Kumar, 119, Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra.
Mob. ×××××××680
_____________________________________________
4.
Write a notice for the Lost and Found column of a National Daily Newspaper intimating the people of your file which you lost somewhere while travelling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus.
_____________________________________________
Lost and Found
While traveling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus I lost my file containing some important documents such as passport, driving license, adhar card and some money. If they are not found, I may face a great difficulty. The finder is requested to send it on my address or inform me on my mobile number . A good cash prize with countless thanks is promised.
Chain Singh
VPO Jhamri,
Mob.no. xxxxx96580.
_______________________________________
Sunday, 25 November 2018
Note making
Note-making - 5 marks
नोट बनाने का अर्थ है कि दिए हुए passage को स्पष्ट व संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत करना ताकि उसे समझने में आसानी हो व समय की बचत हो। किसी लम्बे अनुच्छेद को याद रखने के लिए नोट बनाये जाते हैं। नोट बनाने का कोई hard and fast rule नही है। जिस प्रकार इतिहास या राजनीतिक शास्त्र विषय में लम्बे व विस्तृत अध्यायों को याद रखने के लिए heading बनाए जाते हैं उसी प्रकार English के बड़े अनुच्छेदों को याद रखने के लिए तथा उन्हें समझने के लिए note बनाए जाते हैं।
Note बनाते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें।
1. Notes संक्षिप्त हों।
2. Passage में किसी बात को समझाने के लिए दिए गए उदाहरणों को notes में शामिल न करें।
3. Notes मेंं passage का सार सार ही लिखें।
4. Passage को बार बार पढकर उसका उपयुक्त शीर्षक दें। यदि किसी passage में अधिक paragraph हैं तो हर paragraph का एक sub-title दिया जा सकता है। फिर उसके sub-points दिए जा सकते हैं।
5. Abbreviation का प्रयोग करें व उन्हेंं bracket / box मेंं बन्द करें।
6. आप सुविधानुसार अपने abbreviation का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं। इसमेंं कोई निर्धारित नियम नही है।
7. केवल आवश्यक abbreviations का प्रयोग करें।
8. Note बनाते समय ध्यान रखें कि पूरा वाक्य न लिखा जाए। केवल शब्द समूहों का ही प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।
9. Passage में दिए गए तथ्यों को सारणी-बद्ध रूप मे ंं प्रस्तुत करें।
अभ्यास:-
Passage 1.
Read the passage and make notes. Also give a suitable Heading.
1. The most frightening(भयानक) aspect (पहलू) of malnutrition(कुपोषण) is that it is likely to cause permanent damage(क्षति) to the brain. Experiments carried out ( कार्यान्वित किए गए) on animals suggest that brain damage due to malnutrition is irreversible ( जिसे रोका न जा सके). This may note be true of human beings.
2. Nevertheless, (फिर भी) known facts as well as results of tests conducted so far point to alarming conclusions. The human brain grows very fast. Three months before its birth, the child's brain weighs one fourth of the adult's brain. In one year, the brain of a child is already 66 percent of the weight of the adult brain. At four year, the brain weighs 90 percent and at eight, the child's brain is the size of an adult's and there is no further increase. Quite obviously,(स्पष्ट रूप से) the first four years are crucial (important) for development of the brain. And if the child suffers from malnutrition, the damage to the brain may well be permanent.
3. Fortunately,( सौभाग्य से) and thanks to the research carried out by scientist in India and abroad (विदेश) and systematic attempts made by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad,to analyse the cause of malnutrition in this country,one need not wait for years to solve at least some aspects of the problem.
4. For instance, it was found that the addition of iodine in the lake-water salt consumed in the sub-Himalayan region(क्षैत्र) would go a long way in controlling goitre ( घेंघा, a swelling in the front of the throat) . Again, experiments made by the Institute reveal,(प्रकट करना) that inexpensive ( सस्ती) green leafy vegetables are good alternative (विकल्प) to eggs and butter as a rich source of Vitamin A.
5. The Institute has also carried out considerable research into fortification, किलाबन्दी करना, किसी अन्य तत्व को मिलाने से सुधार लाना) of various foods. Modern bread is a case in point. But since the bread is beyond the means of the poor, the Institute has found some items of mass consumption ( उपभोग) which can be strengthened(मजबूत बनाना) with certain proteins and amino acids. Fortification of common salt is considered the most promising possibility.
Notes:-
A) Most frtng. aspect of mlntrsn.
!) Prmnt dmg of br.
!!) Dmg irreversible
B) grth of human br.- amazing factors:-
!) 3 mnth before brth- weight 1/4 of adult's br.
!!) 1 yr.- 66 % of adult's br.
!!!) 4 yr. -90 % of adult's br.
iv) 8 yr. - full grth/ no further increase.
v) frst 4 yr. crucial for dvlpmnt.
C) Upshot of research carried out by scientists in India and abroad:-
i) addition of Iodine in lake water salt controls goitre
ii) leafy vgtbls good alternative to egg.
Iii) frtfction of various foods with prtns and amino acids reduce mlntrsn.
Heading of the passage:- Malnutrition- causes, impact and remedies
_____________________________________________
Abbreviations-
frtng- frightening
mlntrsn- malnutrition
prmnt- permanent
dmg- damage
grth - growth
mnth- month
br. - brain
yr.- year
dvlpmnt- development
vgtbls- vegetables
frtfction- fortification.
_______________________
______________________
Note- best way to make abbreviations is to use only consonants from the spelling of a word.
We must remember that rules of grammar are not followed while making notes.
नोट बनाने का अर्थ है कि दिए हुए passage को स्पष्ट व संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत करना ताकि उसे समझने में आसानी हो व समय की बचत हो। किसी लम्बे अनुच्छेद को याद रखने के लिए नोट बनाये जाते हैं। नोट बनाने का कोई hard and fast rule नही है। जिस प्रकार इतिहास या राजनीतिक शास्त्र विषय में लम्बे व विस्तृत अध्यायों को याद रखने के लिए heading बनाए जाते हैं उसी प्रकार English के बड़े अनुच्छेदों को याद रखने के लिए तथा उन्हें समझने के लिए note बनाए जाते हैं।
Note बनाते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें।
1. Notes संक्षिप्त हों।
2. Passage में किसी बात को समझाने के लिए दिए गए उदाहरणों को notes में शामिल न करें।
3. Notes मेंं passage का सार सार ही लिखें।
4. Passage को बार बार पढकर उसका उपयुक्त शीर्षक दें। यदि किसी passage में अधिक paragraph हैं तो हर paragraph का एक sub-title दिया जा सकता है। फिर उसके sub-points दिए जा सकते हैं।
5. Abbreviation का प्रयोग करें व उन्हेंं bracket / box मेंं बन्द करें।
6. आप सुविधानुसार अपने abbreviation का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं। इसमेंं कोई निर्धारित नियम नही है।
7. केवल आवश्यक abbreviations का प्रयोग करें।
8. Note बनाते समय ध्यान रखें कि पूरा वाक्य न लिखा जाए। केवल शब्द समूहों का ही प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।
9. Passage में दिए गए तथ्यों को सारणी-बद्ध रूप मे ंं प्रस्तुत करें।
अभ्यास:-
Passage 1.
Read the passage and make notes. Also give a suitable Heading.
1. The most frightening(भयानक) aspect (पहलू) of malnutrition(कुपोषण) is that it is likely to cause permanent damage(क्षति) to the brain. Experiments carried out ( कार्यान्वित किए गए) on animals suggest that brain damage due to malnutrition is irreversible ( जिसे रोका न जा सके). This may note be true of human beings.
2. Nevertheless, (फिर भी) known facts as well as results of tests conducted so far point to alarming conclusions. The human brain grows very fast. Three months before its birth, the child's brain weighs one fourth of the adult's brain. In one year, the brain of a child is already 66 percent of the weight of the adult brain. At four year, the brain weighs 90 percent and at eight, the child's brain is the size of an adult's and there is no further increase. Quite obviously,(स्पष्ट रूप से) the first four years are crucial (important) for development of the brain. And if the child suffers from malnutrition, the damage to the brain may well be permanent.
3. Fortunately,( सौभाग्य से) and thanks to the research carried out by scientist in India and abroad (विदेश) and systematic attempts made by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad,to analyse the cause of malnutrition in this country,one need not wait for years to solve at least some aspects of the problem.
4. For instance, it was found that the addition of iodine in the lake-water salt consumed in the sub-Himalayan region(क्षैत्र) would go a long way in controlling goitre ( घेंघा, a swelling in the front of the throat) . Again, experiments made by the Institute reveal,(प्रकट करना) that inexpensive ( सस्ती) green leafy vegetables are good alternative (विकल्प) to eggs and butter as a rich source of Vitamin A.
5. The Institute has also carried out considerable research into fortification, किलाबन्दी करना, किसी अन्य तत्व को मिलाने से सुधार लाना) of various foods. Modern bread is a case in point. But since the bread is beyond the means of the poor, the Institute has found some items of mass consumption ( उपभोग) which can be strengthened(मजबूत बनाना) with certain proteins and amino acids. Fortification of common salt is considered the most promising possibility.
Notes:-
A) Most frtng. aspect of mlntrsn.
!) Prmnt dmg of br.
!!) Dmg irreversible
B) grth of human br.- amazing factors:-
!) 3 mnth before brth- weight 1/4 of adult's br.
!!) 1 yr.- 66 % of adult's br.
!!!) 4 yr. -90 % of adult's br.
iv) 8 yr. - full grth/ no further increase.
v) frst 4 yr. crucial for dvlpmnt.
C) Upshot of research carried out by scientists in India and abroad:-
i) addition of Iodine in lake water salt controls goitre
ii) leafy vgtbls good alternative to egg.
Iii) frtfction of various foods with prtns and amino acids reduce mlntrsn.
Heading of the passage:- Malnutrition- causes, impact and remedies
_____________________________________________
Abbreviations-
frtng- frightening
mlntrsn- malnutrition
prmnt- permanent
dmg- damage
grth - growth
mnth- month
br. - brain
yr.- year
dvlpmnt- development
vgtbls- vegetables
frtfction- fortification.
_______________________
______________________
Note- best way to make abbreviations is to use only consonants from the spelling of a word.
We must remember that rules of grammar are not followed while making notes.
________________________________________
Passage 2
Read the passage carefully and make notes.
Whether the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 will prove a mile stone for the coming generations of new India or not is a burning question today. It is supposed to be pro-employment as it is based on skill development. It lays emphasis on utility and practicability. The present education policy which came into existence in 1986 was also claimed to create employment and to make students more prone to science and technology . Vocationalisation of education was the core issue of this policy. Thousands of vocational institutions and Industrial Training Institutes were opened to attain the desired goals. Hundreds of Poly technique institutions, IITs, IIITs , IIMs and AIIMS were opened in order to create more jobs in public sector. The policy might have proved successful to some extent but still it could not fulfill the needs of growing India in the hours of globalisation. So the need for new education policy was felt by the think tanks of the country and the draft for NEP 2020 was visualised . As a result , NEP came into existence. It claims to produce a sea change in the present education system. It is more centred to school education, especially Primary Education. As per new education policy 2020 , three years of pre-primary education has been incorporated which promotes learning by playing technique. A kid of three years age can be enrolled for pre-primary class. The students in pre-primary classes need not carry books or bags. It is based on oral learning. It will be helpful for the poor people who go on work for daily wages leaving behind their kids with their bigger sons or daughters whom they keep away from school only to look after their younger brothers or sisters. The concept of pre-primary education will prove beneficial at two levels for parents. First, they need not to worry
Tuesday, 30 October 2018
On The Face of It (Analysis by Baljit Singh)
Updated 24/10/2020
Only mask and social distancing is a vaccine for corona.
So in order to be safe-
1. Wear mask when you go outdoor.
2. Keep washing your hands with soap at intervals.
3. Keep social distancing.
4. Avoid ice- cream or other cold things.
5. Take warm water, tea or milk at intervals.
Remember lockdown is over, not corona.
We must have a positive attitude towards life and the world .
( On the Face of It) by Susan Hill
This lesson has three scenes and three characters; Derry, Mr.Lamb and Derry's mother.
Q1. What is it that draws Derry towards Mr.Lamb in spite of himself?
Ans. Mr. Lamb is very friendly to Derry. He is different from other people. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes Derry in his garden. Gates of his garden are always open. He encourages Derry to love himself. He says that outer beauty is not so important as inner beauty. He tells Derry that he should not hate his burnt face. He builds confidence in Derry. Derry finds himself changed after his meeting with Mr. Lamb. His encouraging words attract Derry towards him.
Q2. When does Mr. Lamb display signs of loneliness and disappointment? What are the ways in which he tries to overcome these feelings ?
Ans. Mr.Lamb lives alone in a garden. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes everyone in his garden . The Gates of his garden are always open. Derry enters his garden jumping over a wall. He encourages Derry to respect himself. His words change Derry . Derry promises him to come again. After Derry has gone , Mr. Lamb speaks to himself . He says, " Everyone says that he will come again but nobody comes again". These words show his loneliness and disappointment . But soon he overcomes his loneliness. He listens humming of bees . He enjoys watching and listening the nature. He finds no difference between flowers, trees, herbs and weeds. He considers them all living things. Such positive thoughts remove his loneliness and disappointment.
Q3. How did Mr. Lamb's meeting with Derry become a turning point in Derry's
life? Or
Derry is a victim of his own complex. Do you find some change in him in the end?
Ans. Derry is a victim of his own complex. We know that his face is burnt. He dislikes himself. But his meeting with Lamb becomes a turning point in his life. Lamb's encouraging words rebuild his confidence. His words fill Derry with jest for life. He talks nicely. He says strange things that attract Derry towards him in spite of his mother's warning. There is something in Lamb's personality that attracts Derry towards him. We find Derry a changed person after his meeting with Lamb.
Other important questions-:
1.Who is Mr.Lamb? How does Derry get into his garden?
Ans- Mr. Lamb is an old man. He has a tin leg. His leg was blown off in war. He has positive attitude to life. He is friendly with everyone. He has an apple garden. Derry enters his garden by jumping over a wall. He welcomes Derry in his garden. He encourages him. He is really a nice person.
2. How did Mr. Lamb take his handicap?
3. What does Lamb say about bees?
And He says that some people say that bees but. but for me they humm and human means sing. It all depends on our outlook to life.
4 Why did Derry start weeping in the end?
And. Derry feels much changed after his meeting with Lamb. He is a peculiar person and says peculiar things. Derry is much impressed with him . So he starts weeping when he came to know that Mr. Lamb had died .
5 How did Derry respond when he saw that the garden was not empty?
And -: Derry got afraid when he saw that the garden was not empty. He was startled when he heard Mr. Lamb saying ,"Mind the crab apples" He said that he thought that the garden was empty. He said that he had not come to steal.
6. What can be the other end of the story in your opinion?
And:- In my opinion, the story should have a happy ending. It would be nice if Mr. Lamb was unconscious and Derry would take him to hospital. After treatment he would have recovered and both of them lived happily. They would have motivated others to live a better life.
Word- meanings
Defiant- disobedient ( अवज्ञाकारी)
Tentatively- hesitantly(हिचकते हुए)
Trespassing- to enter without permission(अतिक्रमण करना)
Startled - surprised (चकित)
Crab- wild and sour( जंगली व खट्टे)
Swishes - loud hissing sound( सरसराना)
अन्य शब्द contributed by a student
Q1 How did Mr. Lamb try to give courage and confidence to Derry?
And. Mr. Lamb is an optimistic person. He fills Derry's heart with optimism. He is not shocked on seeing his burnt face. Rather he talks to him in a friendly manner. He says that Derry has two arms, two legs, eyes , ears and a younger and brain. He can do better if he focuses on his positive things. He says that handsome is that handsome does. In this way Mr. Lamb tries to give courage and confidence to Derry.
Q2. What change took place in Derry when he met Mr. Lamb?
Ans- Same as and of question 1.
Q3. Both Derry and Lamb are victims of physical impairment,
( On the Face of It) by Susan Hill
Mr. Lamb's garden .
Derry's meeting with Mr. Lamb
This lesson has three scenes and three characters; Derry, Mr.Lamb and Derry's mother.
Q1. What is it that draws Derry towards Mr.Lamb in spite of himself?
Ans. Mr. Lamb is very friendly to Derry. He is different from other people. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes Derry in his garden. Gates of his garden are always open. He encourages Derry to love himself. He says that outer beauty is not so important as inner beauty. He tells Derry that he should not hate his burnt face. He builds confidence in Derry. Derry finds himself changed after his meeting with Mr. Lamb. His encouraging words attract Derry towards him.
Q2. When does Mr. Lamb display signs of loneliness and disappointment? What are the ways in which he tries to overcome these feelings ?
Ans. Mr.Lamb lives alone in a garden. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes everyone in his garden . The Gates of his garden are always open. Derry enters his garden jumping over a wall. He encourages Derry to respect himself. His words change Derry . Derry promises him to come again. After Derry has gone , Mr. Lamb speaks to himself . He says, " Everyone says that he will come again but nobody comes again". These words show his loneliness and disappointment . But soon he overcomes his loneliness. He listens humming of bees . He enjoys watching and listening the nature. He finds no difference between flowers, trees, herbs and weeds. He considers them all living things. Such positive thoughts remove his loneliness and disappointment.
Q3. How did Mr. Lamb's meeting with Derry become a turning point in Derry's
life? Or
Derry is a victim of his own complex. Do you find some change in him in the end?
Other important questions-:
1.Who is Mr.Lamb? How does Derry get into his garden?
Ans- Mr. Lamb is an old man. He has a tin leg. His leg was blown off in war. He has positive attitude to life. He is friendly with everyone. He has an apple garden. Derry enters his garden by jumping over a wall. He welcomes Derry in his garden. He encourages him. He is really a nice person.
2. How did Mr. Lamb take his handicap?
3. What does Lamb say about bees?
And He says that some people say that bees but. but for me they humm and human means sing. It all depends on our outlook to life.
4 Why did Derry start weeping in the end?
And. Derry feels much changed after his meeting with Lamb. He is a peculiar person and says peculiar things. Derry is much impressed with him . So he starts weeping when he came to know that Mr. Lamb had died .
5 How did Derry respond when he saw that the garden was not empty?
And -: Derry got afraid when he saw that the garden was not empty. He was startled when he heard Mr. Lamb saying ,"Mind the crab apples" He said that he thought that the garden was empty. He said that he had not come to steal.
6. What can be the other end of the story in your opinion?
And:- In my opinion, the story should have a happy ending. It would be nice if Mr. Lamb was unconscious and Derry would take him to hospital. After treatment he would have recovered and both of them lived happily. They would have motivated others to live a better life.
Word- meanings
Defiant- disobedient ( अवज्ञाकारी)
Tentatively- hesitantly(हिचकते हुए)
Trespassing- to enter without permission(अतिक्रमण करना)
Startled - surprised (चकित)
Crab- wild and sour( जंगली व खट्टे)
Swishes - loud hissing sound( सरसराना)
अन्य शब्द contributed by a student
Some important questions prepared by a student
And. Mr. Lamb is an optimistic person. He fills Derry's heart with optimism. He is not shocked on seeing his burnt face. Rather he talks to him in a friendly manner. He says that Derry has two arms, two legs, eyes , ears and a younger and brain. He can do better if he focuses on his positive things. He says that handsome is that handsome does. In this way Mr. Lamb tries to give courage and confidence to Derry.
Q2. What change took place in Derry when he met Mr. Lamb?
Ans- Same as and of question 1.
Q3. Both Derry and Lamb are victims of physical impairment,
Monday, 22 October 2018
The Enemy
Humanity is the greatest religion .
(मानवता सबसे बड़ा धर्म है।)
Summary of the Lesson:-(The Enemy)
The Enemy' is a beautiful story of a Japanese doctor named Sadao. As a boy he was brought up very tenderly by his father who wanted him to become a doctor. So he was sent to America for study of medicine and surgery. There he met a girl named Hana at an American professor's house. He was attracted towards the girl at first sight but he hesitated to propose her until he was sure that she was a Japanese because his father would not let him marry a girl of different clan. When it was sure that she was a Japanese, he married her in a traditional way. After completing his education , he returned to his country and joined military as a surgeon and scientist. The world war was going on but he did not go with the troops, rather he stayed back for two reasons ; firstly, he was doing a research on treatment of wounds and secondly, the old general was serious and might need an operation at any time.
One day he was standing on the steps of his house with his wife Hana. He saw the image of a man near his door steps in the sea. He proceeded to see who he was. He came to know that he was an American soldier who was badly wounded and needed an urgent treatment. As a doctor , it was his moral duty to save the life of a patient irrespective of his caste, creed, colour or clan; and as a patriot and nationalist, it was his duty to hand over the enemy's soldier to police. So he was in a conflict of his duty as a doctor to save the life of a patient , and as a patriot to hand over the enemy's soldier to police.
The story vividly explains the conflict going on in his mind. His servants deny to wash the soldier. Even his wife cooperates with him unwillingly. But his inner voice guides him to perform his duty as a doctor. So he decides to tend the wounded soldier. He operates upon him. Though he is in a great danger. He might be charged of treason for harbouring an enemy's soldier. Despite all risks, he heals the soldier. At last ,he helps the soldier run away in a boat. Though he helps the enemy's soldier, yet we cannot call him unpatriotic. He performs his duty as a doctor very sincerely. He acts in a human way. We cannot help praising him.
Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Who was Dr. Sadao? Where was his house?
Ans. Dr. Sadao was a famous Japanese surgeon and scientist. His house was situated above a narrow beach on a Japanese coast. It was outlined with bent pines.
Q2. Will Dr.Sadao be arrested on the charge of harbouring an Enemy?
Ans. Dr. Sadao had harboured an enemy's soldier. He could be charged of treason for this act . He could be arrested for such a grave crime. But he performed his duty as a doctor in a nice manner. We cannot call him unpatriotic . He merely performed his duty as a doctor .
Q3. What was the chief concern (चिन्ता) of Sadao 's father and what did he do for it?
Ans. His chief concern was his education only. So he never joked or played with him. He wanted him to become a doctor. So he sent Sadao to American for the study of medicine and surgery.
Q4. Why was Sadao not sent abroad with the troops( सेना की टुकड़ी)?
Ans. Sadao was not sent with troops for two reasons. Firstly, he was perfecting a discovery that could make wounds entirely clean. Secondly, he was treating the old General who might need operation at any time.
Q5. Who was Hana? Where had Sadao met her?
Hana was Sadao 's wife. He had met her at the house of an American professor. He was attracted towards her. But did not fall in love with her until he was sure that she was a Japanese .
Q6. How did the foreign students feel at Professor Harley's house?
Ans. Professor Harley and his wife were kind people. They were ready to help their foreign students . But the students felt boredom. The rooms were small and food was also not good. Moreover, his wife was very talkative.
Q7. How did Sadao's Marriage with Hana take place?
Ans Sadao's Marriage with Hana took place in old Japanese traditional way.
Q8. What did Sadao and Hana see when they were standing at their door one misty(धुंध भरी) night?
Ans. They saw a man who was flung (फेंका गया) out of the ocean. He seemed wounded (घायल) . He was crawling(रेंग रहा था) on his hands and knees.
Q9. In what condition did Sadao and Hana find the wounded man on the beach?
Ans. The man was in a bad condition. His face was smeared with sand. His cap was battered. There was a bullet wound in his back and blood had coagulated (जम गया था) there. He was almost unconscious (बेहोश).
Q10 How did Yumi, the maid-servant , behave when Dr. Sadao asked her to wash the White man ?
Ans Yumi was Sadao's maid-servant . She looked after his children. She was very nice to the children. She refused to wash the White man.
Q11. What did Sadao notice about the White man's wound? How did he stop its bleeding?
Ans. Sadao noticed that it was a bullet wound that had reopened . It was bleeding now. To stop bleeding, he took some moss lying on the beach and put it into the wound.
Q12. "The kindest thing would be to put him back into the sea." Who says this and why?
Ans. Sadao's wife Hana says these words. She felt pity for the White man. They can not give him shelter in their house because they can be arrested for it. If they hand him over to police as a prisoner, he is sure to be killed. So the kindest thing would be to put him back into the sea .
Q13. How did the old general offer to help Sadao in getting rid of the white man?
Ans The General had his private assassins. He told Sadao that they were expert in eliminating anybody without leaving any trace. He offered them for Sadao.
Q14. Why did servants leave Sadao's house?
Ans:- Sadao had harboured an American soldier in his house. Moreover, he asked the servants to wash the wounded soldier . The servants thought that it was an act of treason ( देशद्रोह) to help an American at such a moment when war was going on between America and Japan. So they left Sadao's house.
Essay Type of Questions.
Q1. There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national vitality. Discuss with reference to the story, 'The Enemy'.
Ans. There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national loyalty. This statement aptly befits to the story 'The Enemy'. In this story Dr. Sadao, a Japanese surgeon, has to face the dilemma when he finds a wounded American soldier on his door steps. As a doctor, he was obliged to save his life but as a nationalist and a patriot , he was bound to hand over the soldier to Japanese police. But his conscience does not allow him to let the soldier fall in the hands of police and he helps the soldier in healing his wound. He operates upon the soldier and finally decides to make his safe escape in a boat. He might be charged of treason for helping an enemy but he takes that risk also for the sake of humanity. In spite of his act, we can not blame him of treason because he constantly talks of his duty as a patriot. In brief, we can say that Dr.Sadao choses what a doctor should chose in such circumstances.
Monday, 10 September 2018
An Elementary School in a Slum by Stephen Spender ( Analysis of the poem by Baljit Singh)
An Elementary School in a Slum
Summary of the poem:-
*It is a short poem written by Stephen Spender. It explains the pathetic state of an elementary school situated in a slum. The poem also explains the class discrimination, political indifference and hollow educational ideology. The poet uses many images to highlight the pathetic life of the children grown up in slum. These children are berieved of basic amenities of life such as food, clothing and homes. The poet bitterly attacks the teachers , governors, bureaucrats and political parties who are responsible for their plight. The poet calls upon the slum dwellers to break open the chains of slavery and move freely in the vast sky.
Q.1. How does the poet describe the faces of the children in the classroom?
Ans The faces of the children in the classroom are like rootless weeds. They lack vitality and vigour.
Q2. What is there on the walls of the classroom?
Ans There are some objects of donation on the walls . There is a picture of Shakespeare's bust. There are also pictures of cloudless dawn, Tyrolese valley and a cathedral domes These pictures only temt them to steal.
Q3.What does the poet say about the ' open-handed' map?
Ans. Open-handed' map has no significance in the life of poor children. It shows all the seas and lands in the world . Contrary to this , their world is limited to the slums.
Q4. Why does the poet say " Shakespeare is wicked-?
Ans The head of Shakespeare displayed on the walls of the school is worthless for the slum dwellers. It has no significance in their lives. It only temts them to steal. That's why the Shakespeare is wicked- for them
Q5. Why has map been said to be a bad example
The world 's map does not show the slum dwellers their real world. It does not match their real world which is blotted with innumerable slums. That is why the map has been described as a bad example.
Q6. What does the poet want for the children of slums? How can their lives be improved?
Ans. The poet wants that the slum children should be taken out to green fields where they can play on gold sand under the blue sky. Their lives can be improved only If they come out of their cramped homes.
Q7.How does the poet describe some children in the classroom?
Ans The children in the classroom are under nourished .There is tall girl with her head weighed down, a paper seeming boy with rat's eyes, a boy with twisted bones. There is also a sweet unnoted boy with dreamy eyes.
Summary of the poem:-
*It is a short poem written by Stephen Spender. It explains the pathetic state of an elementary school situated in a slum. The poem also explains the class discrimination, political indifference and hollow educational ideology. The poet uses many images to highlight the pathetic life of the children grown up in slum. These children are berieved of basic amenities of life such as food, clothing and homes. The poet bitterly attacks the teachers , governors, bureaucrats and political parties who are responsible for their plight. The poet calls upon the slum dwellers to break open the chains of slavery and move freely in the vast sky.
Q.1. How does the poet describe the faces of the children in the classroom?
Ans The faces of the children in the classroom are like rootless weeds. They lack vitality and vigour.
Q2. What is there on the walls of the classroom?
Ans There are some objects of donation on the walls . There is a picture of Shakespeare's bust. There are also pictures of cloudless dawn, Tyrolese valley and a cathedral domes These pictures only temt them to steal.
Q3.What does the poet say about the ' open-handed' map?
Ans. Open-handed' map has no significance in the life of poor children. It shows all the seas and lands in the world . Contrary to this , their world is limited to the slums.
Q4. Why does the poet say " Shakespeare is wicked-?
Ans The head of Shakespeare displayed on the walls of the school is worthless for the slum dwellers. It has no significance in their lives. It only temts them to steal. That's why the Shakespeare is wicked- for them
Q5. Why has map been said to be a bad example
The world 's map does not show the slum dwellers their real world. It does not match their real world which is blotted with innumerable slums. That is why the map has been described as a bad example.
Q6. What does the poet want for the children of slums? How can their lives be improved?
Ans. The poet wants that the slum children should be taken out to green fields where they can play on gold sand under the blue sky. Their lives can be improved only If they come out of their cramped homes.
Q7.How does the poet describe some children in the classroom?
Ans The children in the classroom are under nourished .There is tall girl with her head weighed down, a paper seeming boy with rat's eyes, a boy with twisted bones. There is also a sweet unnoted boy with dreamy eyes.
Sunday, 9 September 2018
Syllabus for Sept. Exam
Always believe in the might of your conscience.
11th English
Hornbill
1.The Portrait of a Lady
2. We are not Afraid to Die - If we can all be Together
3. Discovering of Tut- The Saga Continues
4. Landscape of the Soul
5. The Ailing Planet- The green Movements Role
Poetry
1. A Photograph
2. The Laburnum Top
3. The Voice of the Rain
SNAPSHOT
1.The Summer of Beautiful White Horse
2. The Address
3. Ranga's Marriage
4. Albert Einstein at School
5. Mother's Day
Grammar
1. Determiners
2. Parts of Speech
3. Tenses in Detail
4. Modals in Detail
Creative Writing
1. Application Writing
2. Notices ( related to school and public places)
3. Description of events and incidents
Syllabus for 12th
Flamingo
1. The Last Lesson
2. Lost Spring
3. Deep Water
4 The Rattrap
5. Indigo
Poetry
1. My Mother at Sixty Six
2. An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
3. Keeping Quiet
4. A Thing of Beauty
Vistas
1.The Third Level
2. The Tiger King
3. Journey to the End of the Earth
4. The Enemy
5. Should Wizard Hit Mommy?
Grammar
1.Tenses in Detail
2 Narration
Creative Writing
1. Advertisement and Posters
2. Reports
3. Letter Writing
--–-------------------------+--
11th English
Hornbill
1.The Portrait of a Lady
2. We are not Afraid to Die - If we can all be Together
3. Discovering of Tut- The Saga Continues
4. Landscape of the Soul
5. The Ailing Planet- The green Movements Role
Poetry
1. A Photograph
2. The Laburnum Top
3. The Voice of the Rain
SNAPSHOT
1.The Summer of Beautiful White Horse
2. The Address
3. Ranga's Marriage
4. Albert Einstein at School
5. Mother's Day
Grammar
1. Determiners
2. Parts of Speech
3. Tenses in Detail
4. Modals in Detail
Creative Writing
1. Application Writing
2. Notices ( related to school and public places)
3. Description of events and incidents
Syllabus for 12th
Flamingo
1. The Last Lesson
2. Lost Spring
3. Deep Water
4 The Rattrap
5. Indigo
Poetry
1. My Mother at Sixty Six
2. An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
3. Keeping Quiet
4. A Thing of Beauty
Vistas
1.The Third Level
2. The Tiger King
3. Journey to the End of the Earth
4. The Enemy
5. Should Wizard Hit Mommy?
Grammar
1.Tenses in Detail
2 Narration
Creative Writing
1. Advertisement and Posters
2. Reports
3. Letter Writing
--–-------------------------+--
Wednesday, 1 August 2018
My Mother at Sixty Six by Kamla Das.
22 April /2020. #Stay at Home , Stay Safe"
Summary of the poem
It is a short and beautiful poem written by Kamla Das. It explains the paradox of human relationships. Sometimes we fail to explain our genuine feelings . It is what happens in this poem. The poetess was driving to Cochin airport. Her mother was sitting beside her. She was very weak and thin. Her mouth was open. She was dozing. She looked like a corpse. The poetess realized that her end was near. This thought made her sad. Soon she put that thought away and looked outside. She saw merry children spilling out of their homes. She saw young trees sprinting back. On reaching the airport she saw her mother again. She could not articulate her parting words. She kept only smiling . Thus the poem contrasts life with death, energy with inactivity . It also brings out the paradox of human relationships.
Short Answer Type Questions
Q1 Why has the mother been compared to the late winter's moon?
In late winter , the moon becomes yellow and very small. It loses it lustre. The poet's mother was also very old and weak. She has turned pale due to old age. That is why , the poet compares her mother to waning moon.
Q2 What is the kind of pain and ache that the poet feels?
Ans. The poet's mother was old and weak. She had grown pale due to old age. She would not live long. The thought of losing her mother created pain and ache in her heart.
3. Why are the young trees described as ''sprinting'?
Ans. 'Sprinting means "running very fast. As the poet's car was moving fast and the trees appeared to move backward, so they have been described as sprinting. Infact trees were still. It was only illusion of vision.
Q4. Why has the poet brought in the image of the merry children spilling out of their homes,?
Ans. The image of merry children spilling out of their homes contrasts childhood and old age. Childhood is the symbol of energy, vitality and merry making while old age symbolises weakness, sadness and sickness.
Q5 What do the parting words of the poet and her smile signify?
Ans, The poet's parting words : "See you soon, Amma" are only formal. They signify that poetess was indifferent to her mother's mental state. Her smile also indicates that she was not serious about her mother's condition.
Q6.What painful thought comes to the poet' mind and how does she drive it away?
Ans On seeing her mother' s physical state, the poetess realized that her end was near. But soon she put that painful thought away and looked outside at the merry children and sprinting trees .
_____________________________________________
Read the stanza carefully and answer the questions that follow-:
Driving from my parent's home to Cochin last Friday morning,
I saw my mother, beside me,
doze, open mouthed, her face ashen like that
of a corpse and realised with pain
that she was as old as she looked,
Q1. "I saw my mother". Who does "I"refer to?
Q2. Who was driving and where?
Q3. Who was sitting beside the narrator?
Q4. What does she compare her mother to? Why?
Q5. Make sentence using ' as...as'.
Q6-. What did the poet realise with pain?
Q7. What is meaning of " corpse"?
Summary of the poem
It is a short and beautiful poem written by Kamla Das. It explains the paradox of human relationships. Sometimes we fail to explain our genuine feelings . It is what happens in this poem. The poetess was driving to Cochin airport. Her mother was sitting beside her. She was very weak and thin. Her mouth was open. She was dozing. She looked like a corpse. The poetess realized that her end was near. This thought made her sad. Soon she put that thought away and looked outside. She saw merry children spilling out of their homes. She saw young trees sprinting back. On reaching the airport she saw her mother again. She could not articulate her parting words. She kept only smiling . Thus the poem contrasts life with death, energy with inactivity . It also brings out the paradox of human relationships.
Short Answer Type Questions
Q1 Why has the mother been compared to the late winter's moon?
In late winter , the moon becomes yellow and very small. It loses it lustre. The poet's mother was also very old and weak. She has turned pale due to old age. That is why , the poet compares her mother to waning moon.
Q2 What is the kind of pain and ache that the poet feels?
Ans. The poet's mother was old and weak. She had grown pale due to old age. She would not live long. The thought of losing her mother created pain and ache in her heart.
3. Why are the young trees described as ''sprinting'?
Ans. 'Sprinting means "running very fast. As the poet's car was moving fast and the trees appeared to move backward, so they have been described as sprinting. Infact trees were still. It was only illusion of vision.
Q4. Why has the poet brought in the image of the merry children spilling out of their homes,?
Ans. The image of merry children spilling out of their homes contrasts childhood and old age. Childhood is the symbol of energy, vitality and merry making while old age symbolises weakness, sadness and sickness.
Q5 What do the parting words of the poet and her smile signify?
Ans, The poet's parting words : "See you soon, Amma" are only formal. They signify that poetess was indifferent to her mother's mental state. Her smile also indicates that she was not serious about her mother's condition.
Q6.What painful thought comes to the poet' mind and how does she drive it away?
Ans On seeing her mother' s physical state, the poetess realized that her end was near. But soon she put that painful thought away and looked outside at the merry children and sprinting trees .
_____________________________________________
Read the stanza carefully and answer the questions that follow-:
Driving from my parent's home to Cochin last Friday morning,
I saw my mother, beside me,
doze, open mouthed, her face ashen like that
of a corpse and realised with pain
that she was as old as she looked,
Q1. "I saw my mother". Who does "I"refer to?
Q2. Who was driving and where?
Q3. Who was sitting beside the narrator?
Q4. What does she compare her mother to? Why?
Q5. Make sentence using ' as...as'.
Q6-. What did the poet realise with pain?
Q7. What is meaning of " corpse"?
Monday, 30 July 2018
July SAT SOLUTIONS
Q1. You are Manav Garg, the NSA Captain of Shiv Shakti School, Panipat. Draft a notice for your school notice board inviting volunteers to attend the 10 days Cleanliness Camp in a nearby village.
Ans.
…......….......................................................................
Ten Days Cleanliness Camp at Jharli
A Notice
People are informed that a ten days cleanliness camp is to be organised at Jharli from August 1 to 10 by Manav youth club to promote "Sawachh Bharat Mission" - a programme of The Government of India. Volunteers are cordially invited to attend this camp and contribute their services to ....the nation. All arrangements such as food and stay will be made by Shiv Shakti School . Please register your names from 26 to 31 July with our school.
Manav Garg,
NSA Captain,
Shiv Shakti School, Panipat.
.......,............................................................................
OR
You want to sell a Colour T.V. Drafting an advertisement for it in the column of FOR SALE
Ans.
.......….........................................................................
FOR SALE
An L.G. Colour T.V. , screen 24'', good condition, is offered for sale on reasonable prices as the owner is going abroad. Contact immediately XYZ, 115 Friends Colony, Jhajjar. Contact no. xxxxxxx680.
....................................................................................
Q2.
Write a report on tree plantation programme which was organised by your school last month, in about 150 words.
_____________________________________________
Q2.
Write a report on tree plantation programme which was organised by your school last month, in about 150 words.
_____________________________________________
Tree Plantation Programme
A Report
August 1,Goria . A tree plantation programme was organised by our school last month to make the school campus green and beautiful. All the students and the teachers of our school took part in it. About 200 plants were brought from nursery at Sahlawas . Students and teachers planted some trees in the school campus and rest of the plants were distributed among the students. The principal of our school delivered a speech on the importance of trees and motivated the students to plant and protect trees. He said that the trees are invaluable gift from God to man and it is our duty to protect them. The students took an oath to protect the trees.
Reported by
XYZ ,
GSSS GORIA.
_____________________________________________
OR
Recenty your school has observed a Road Safety Week. The S.P.(traffic) of your city gave the students a lecture on Road Safety. The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. As the Student Editor of your school magazine write a report on the event.
_____________________________________________
A Road Safety Week
(GSSS GORIA)
A REPORT
Goria. May,15 . A Road Safety Week was organised in our school by district traffic police from May 7 to May 13 . The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. The S.P. traffic police of our city gave a lecture on Road Safety and motivated the students to follow rules of road. Books mentioning the rules of roads were distributed among students. A test having 30 objective type of questions was taken to evaluate the knowledge of students about road rules. At the end , our principal thanked the traffic police for enhancing the students' knowledge about road rules.
Reported by
Amit
Student Editor,
GSSS GORIA.
___________&________________________________
Q3.
a) She....tastes../has tasted.. meat several times.
b) He....has been absent.. since Monday.
c) The train...has just....arrived.
d) He gerally ...writes in English, but today he...is writing.. in Hindi.
....,...............................................
Note- अन्य प्रश्नों के उत्तर site par देखें.
Site. englishnotesfor12th.blogspot.com
A Report
August 1,Goria . A tree plantation programme was organised by our school last month to make the school campus green and beautiful. All the students and the teachers of our school took part in it. About 200 plants were brought from nursery at Sahlawas . Students and teachers planted some trees in the school campus and rest of the plants were distributed among the students. The principal of our school delivered a speech on the importance of trees and motivated the students to plant and protect trees. He said that the trees are invaluable gift from God to man and it is our duty to protect them. The students took an oath to protect the trees.
Reported by
XYZ ,
GSSS GORIA.
_____________________________________________
OR
Recenty your school has observed a Road Safety Week. The S.P.(traffic) of your city gave the students a lecture on Road Safety. The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. As the Student Editor of your school magazine write a report on the event.
_____________________________________________
A Road Safety Week
(GSSS GORIA)
A REPORT
Goria. May,15 . A Road Safety Week was organised in our school by district traffic police from May 7 to May 13 . The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. The S.P. traffic police of our city gave a lecture on Road Safety and motivated the students to follow rules of road. Books mentioning the rules of roads were distributed among students. A test having 30 objective type of questions was taken to evaluate the knowledge of students about road rules. At the end , our principal thanked the traffic police for enhancing the students' knowledge about road rules.
Reported by
Amit
Student Editor,
GSSS GORIA.
___________&________________________________
Q3.
a) She....tastes../has tasted.. meat several times.
b) He....has been absent.. since Monday.
c) The train...has just....arrived.
d) He gerally ...writes in English, but today he...is writing.. in Hindi.
....,...............................................
Note- अन्य प्रश्नों के उत्तर site par देखें.
Site. englishnotesfor12th.blogspot.com
Sunday, 8 July 2018
Tense in detail.
Always believe in the might of your conscience.
सदैव अपनी अन्तरात्मा की ताकत में विश्वास रखो।
Students, you must have knowledge of verbs before learnining the tense. In fact, tense is appropriate use of verbs in agreement with subject and time.
Let's start from very simple.
Simple Present Tense or
Present Indefinite Tense
हिन्दी मे पहचान
वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ता हैै, ता हूं, ती है,ते हैै आता है।
जैसे
मैं पत्र लिखता हूं।
वह प्रतिदिन समय पर स्कूल जाता है।
क्या तुम पूजा करते हो?
पानी १००°c पर उबलता है।
Structure ---
1.Positive -- Subject+ v1(s,es) + object
Example.
I write a letter.
You write a letter.
They write a letter.
He writes a letter.
She writes a letter.
John writes a letter.
My brother writes a letter.
John and Mary write a letter.
Everyone writes a letter.
In above sentences " write" is first form of verb. "S" is added to verb ( here"write" ) when subject is third person singular. If subject is first person( I,We) ;second person (you) or plural number , s or "es" is not added to the verb.
Exercise for students.
1. My sister get up/ gets up early in the morning.
2. Your father wear/ wears spectacles.
3. They walk/ walks fast.
4. Anita ring)/rings the bell.
5 .Arun and Sameer run/runs fast.
6. Children play /plays table tennis.
7. All the players work/ works hard.
8. India win/wins the match.
9. You and I play/plays chess.
10. My brother and my sister go/ goes to school.
Choose the right form of the above sentences and write I your notebooks.
Check your answers given at the end of this post.
We use simple Present Tense -
1. Present habbits or the things happening daily .
Examples
a) I go to school daily.
b) My grandfather goes for a walk everyday.
c) I usually wear white clothes.
2.Universal truths ,( scientific truth ,geographical truth etc.) सर्वमान्य सत्य के लिये।
Examples-
a) Water boils at 100°c.
b) Ice melts when it is heated.
c) Leaves flutter when wind blows.
d) Lions kill animals and eat them.
e) Electricity flows through wires.
d) Water flows downwards.
3 Headlines of newspapers
Let's see some headlines from newspapers.
1. U.K. visas open for Indian scientists and academics.
2.Dushyant files a defamation case against Viz.(दुस्यन्त ने विज के विरुद्द मानहानि का केस किया)
Verb "files" represent most lively presentation of the news. However, it might be used as "filed" in simple past tense.
3. Khatter opens five projects.
4. Punjab,Haryana power utilities improve ranking.
Students must note down more headlines from English newspapers and write them in their notebooks; and paste the cuttings in their project file.
4. In conditional sentences ,we use simple Present Tense for simple condition which may be fulfilled. The second part of the conditional sentences have use of shall/will/can/may+ v1.
Structure of conditional sentences-
If/unless +sub.+v1(s,es)/do not v1/does not v1+obj. , sub+ will/shall/can/may+v1+ object.
Examples
If you work hard, you will pass.( यदि मेहनत करोगे तो पास हो जाओगे)
If you walk fast, you will catch the train.(यदि तेज चलोगे तो गाड़ी पकड़ लोगे)
Unless he works hard, he can not succeed.(जब तक वह परिश्रम नही करता, सफल नही हो सकता।)
Translate the following sentences in English.
1. यदि समय पर वर्षा होगी तो फसल अच्छी होगी।
२. यदि सरकार रोजगार देगी, तो गरीबी मिटेगी।
३. जब तक तेज नही चलोगे, गाड़ी नही पकड़ पाओगे।
४. यदि समय पर वर्षा नही होगी तो फसल बर्बाद हो जाएगी।
५. जब तक वफा न होगी, प्यार न होगा।
६. यदि तुम किसी की बुराई करोगे, वह तुम्हारा दुश्मन बन जाएगा।
Translation
1.If it rains on time, there will be rich harvest.
2. If the government provides employment, the poverty will end.
Advise for Students****
ऐसे वाक्य बनाओ तथा उनका अनुवाद करो।
Present simple tense is also used to represent the past events in a lively manner. For example presentation of a historical play is done in this tense.
भूतकाल की घटनाओ को प्रभावी व जीवन्त ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए इस काल की प्रयोग क्या जाता है।
Example from the Ramayan , the holi book.
Lord Rama builds a bridge ,Ramsetu, crosses the sea with an army of bears and monkeys ,invades Sri Lanka ,kills Ravana, enthrones Vibhishana and returns to Ayodhya in Puspak Vimaan with Sugreev,Hanuman, Lakshman and Sita. Residents of Ayodhya welcome their advent by burning diyas of ghee.
Structure of negative sentence
Subject+ do/does+ not+ v1+object
Examples-
I do not write a letter.
He does not write a letter.
Manu does not write a letter.
Do not" is used when the subject is first person or second person or plural number.
"Does not is used when the subject is third person singular number.
Exercise for students.
Use "do not" or "does not'
1. My father................wear spectacles.
2. Sarita and Savita,................ sing well.
3. Sarita as well as Savita..........sing well.
4. Truth ........................fear.
5. Snakes ...........make holes.
6. Water............boil at 90°c.
7. Lions.............eat grass.
8. Two and two..............make five.
9. They........ work in fields.
10. God .........shower mercy on the sinner.
Write these sentences in your notebooks, fill in the blanks and show to your teacher.
Or write the answers in comment box.
Structure 3 Interrogative sentences in which answer is yes or no.
Do/Does+ subject+ (not) +v1+ object?
Example
Do you write a letter?(क्या तुम पत्र लिखते हो?)
Does he play in the ground?(क्या वह मैदान में खेलता है?)
Do I not work sincerely?(क्या मैं निष्ठापूर्वक कार्य नही करता?)
Do they follow you?(क्या वे आपका अनुसरण करते हैं?)
Structure 4. Interrogative sentences in which answer is not in "yes" or "no"
Wh + do/does+ subject+ not+v1+ object?
Example-
1.Why do you weep? (तुम क्यों रोते हो?)
2. What do you want?(तुम क्या चाहते हो?)
3. Where does your mother live?( तुम्हारी माॉ कहाॉ रहती है?)
4. How do you go to office?( तुम office कैैसे जाते हो)
Students are advised to make more sentences and show their teacher.
Now fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verb.
1. Amphibians ......(live) both in water and on land.
2 The sun .....(rise) in the East and....(set) in the West.
3. Farmers ......( grow) foodgrains, fruits and vegetables.
4. A dog ....(bark) but a cat ...(mew).
5. Soldiers.....(fight) for their motherland.
6. If you ...(climb) a mountain, you will feel nausea.
6. Unless you ....(speak) the truth, people won't believe you.
7. If he.....(not save) money, his future will not be secure.
8. Slow and steady .....(win) the race.
9. Think before you....( speak).
10. I usually ....(wear) white clothes but my brother ....(wear) blue ones.
***************************
Ans.1live2. rises,sets 3. grow 4. barks,mews 5. fight 6 speak 7. does not save 8. wins 9.speak. 10. wear, wears.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
हिन्दी में पहचान-:
वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ' रहा हैै, रहे हैं, रही हैै, रही हूं, रहा हूं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
जैसे-:
तुम पत्र लिख रहे हो।
रविना घास काट रही हैै।
बाहर वर्षा हो रही है।
क्या विद्यार्थी एक स्वर में बोल रहे हैं?
आजकल मैं एक किताब लिख रहा हूं।
मैं कल दिल्ली जा रहा हूं।
Structure -:
1. Simple sentences
Sub.+ is/am)are +v 1+ing+ obj.
Examples-:
1. You are writing a letter.
2.Ravina is cutting grass.
3.It is raining outside.
2. Negative Sentences-:
Sub.+ is/am/ are+v1+ing+ object
Examples-
1. You are not writing a letter.
2. Ravina is not cutting grass.
3. It is not raining outside.
3.Interrogative sentences-
Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?
Examples-
1. Are you writing a letter?
2. Is Ravina cutting grass?
3. Is it raining outside?
Wh+ Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?
Why are you writing a letter?
Who is cutting grass?
When are you going to Delhi?
Where are they going?
Uses of present progressive tense -:
1. To express the actions that are going on at the present time .
a) I am reading now.
b) Students are playing in the garden at present.
c) You are taking to me at this time.
Adverbs "now", at present, at this time, action के होने के समय के बारे में बताते हैं। इन adverbs का प्रयोग present continuous tense में ही किया जाता है।
2 To express the planned future. नियोजित भविष्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए।
उदाहरण ◆◆
He is going to Delhi tomorrow.
We are purchasing a new house next year.
3- To contrast with present Indefinite tense.
He usually wears white clothes but today he is wearing black ones.
My sister usually goes to school on foot but today she is going by a car.
Exercise for students.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb.
1Hurry up ! The train.... ( come).
2 Run Fast! The train ..(whistle)
3-I often ..(travel) by train but now I...(travel) by air.
4. Look! Who .... (come) there?
5. I....( go) to Shimla next week.
Ans 1.is coming 2.is whistling 3.travel, am travelling 4 is coming 5. am going
Present Perfect Tense
Structure- sub.+has/have+v3+object.
हिन्दी में पहचान- वाक्य के अन्त मे चुका है, चुके हैं, चुकी है, चुका हूँ आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है। या वाक्य से यह स्पष्ट हो कि कार्य वर्तमान में समाप्त हुआ है।
We use this tense for finished actions in present.
Structure Sub+has/have+v3+object.
Examples
1.My brother has joined navy recently.
2. The third bell has gone.
3. I have purchased a flat .
4. The crop has withered away for want of rain.
5 The guests have not reached so far.
Note-- some adverbs which are prefarebly used in this tense
___ already, so far, yet, recently, lately, of late
Negative sentences
Sub ,,+ has/have+ not + v3
Interrogative sentences
Has/have+ sub +(not) +v3+ object?
Wh+ has/have+sub+ v3+object.?
Examples
Have you completed your registration?
Has he met you recently?
What have you done for your country?
Note
There is difference in present perfect and past indefinite tense.
Present Perfect Tense represents the action completed in recent present. The impact of the action is discernible at the time of mentioning the event.
Past indefinite tense is used for some past event . Time of the action is indefinite.
Examples
My brother has joined army. He joined two years ago.
Adverbs - yesterday, ago , last are used in past indefinite tense.
We can not say
He has come to me yesterday - .×[it is wrong
He came to me yesterday.✓( right)
He joined army recently. ×
He has joined army recently.✓
Exercise for students:-
Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb
1. Vijay Mallya............(elope) to abroad. He .. (elope) last year .
2. .....you ever(be) to Agra?
3. I ..(already finish) my work . Now I am going to home.
4. We...(file) a suit against NTPC claiming higher prices of the land acquired in our village. We ...(file) six months ago.
5. The last bus bound to village Goria ...(leave). It ..(leave) at 6 pm.
6. Recently my son (join) a coaching institute in New Delhi. He (deposit) the tuition fees for three months.
7. The summer vacations (end). The school will re-open tomorrow.
8. .. you (complete) the cashbook? The audit team is coming next week.
9. The washing machine ...(stop) working unexpectedly. You will have to wash clothes manually.
10. You need not take an umbrella. The rain (stop).
Present Perfect Continuous Tenses
पहचान -: वाक्य के अन्त में "से.... रहा है, से..रहा हूँ, से..रहे हैं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
This tenses refers to an activity going on for a long time.
Example:-
1. वे दो साल से इस गाँव में रह रहे हैं।
They have been living in this village for two years.
2. वह.दस सितम्बर से योगाभ्यास कर रहा है।
He has been practising yoga since tenth September.
We use' for' to denote period of time.
"Since" to denote point of time.
Structure of the sentence:-
Sub + has/have + been + V1+ing + object +since/ for + time adverb
Use since / for before these time clauses
1------ three months.
2--- three weeks.
3--------three days.
4-------three- years
5--- three centuries.
6-------three hours
7--------- three minutes
8----–-- three Seconds.
9 ----three p.m.
10.....three o ' clock
11------+ Third May
12------- his birth
13------- last Sunday
14----– 1980.
15------ Sunday.
-------------------------------------------------
Ans. 1-10 - for
11-15-since
------------------------------------------------------------
Past Indefinite Tense / Simple Past
पहचान-
वाक्य के अंत में "आ,ए,ई या ता था, ते थे, ती थी, आदि का प्रयोग जाता है।
जैसे- 1.सरदार पटेल भारत के पहले गृह मंत्री बने।
(Sardar Patel became first home minister of India)
2. भारत ने 1971 मेंं पाकिस्तान को हराया।
( India defeated Pakistan in 1971.)
3. मैं पिछले वर्ष दिल्ली गया था।
(I visited Delhi last year)
4. वह दस साल पहले यहाँ रहता था।
(He lived here ten years ago.)
---++---------------------------+--------------------------
Structure:-
Affirmative/Simple Sentence
Sub+ V2+Object
Example- I called on him yesterday.
Negative Sentences:-
Sub+ did not+V1+Object
Example- He did not obey my orders.
Interrogative Sentences:-
Did +Sub.+(not)+V1+Object?
Examples:- Did you buy a colour T.V. last year?
Wh+did+Sub.+(not)+V1+Obj?
Example:-
Why did you call in me yesterday?(कल ततुम मुझसे मिलने क्यों आए थे ?)
Adverbs of time that are used in this tense are-: yesterday, ago, last.
सरल शब्दों में हम कह सकते हैं कि यदि वाक्य में yesterday ago या last हो तो हम past indefinite tense का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Example:-
Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of tense.
1) Our teacher ....... (give) us an assignment yesterday.
2. Our teacher-------- (not give) us an assignment yesterday.
3. ...... .Your teacher....(give) you an assignment yesterday?
इन वाक्यों मेंं पहला साधारण वाक्य है, अतः verb की 2nd form is used. 1 Ans - gave
दूसरा वाक्य नकारात्मक है , अतः did not give आएगा।
तीसरा वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक है, अतः Did.....Give आएगा।
सदैव अपनी अन्तरात्मा की ताकत में विश्वास रखो।
Students, you must have knowledge of verbs before learnining the tense. In fact, tense is appropriate use of verbs in agreement with subject and time.
Let's start from very simple.
Simple Present Tense or
Present Indefinite Tense
हिन्दी मे पहचान
वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ता हैै, ता हूं, ती है,ते हैै आता है।
जैसे
मैं पत्र लिखता हूं।
वह प्रतिदिन समय पर स्कूल जाता है।
क्या तुम पूजा करते हो?
पानी १००°c पर उबलता है।
Structure ---
1.Positive -- Subject+ v1(s,es) + object
Example.
I write a letter.
You write a letter.
They write a letter.
He writes a letter.
She writes a letter.
John writes a letter.
My brother writes a letter.
John and Mary write a letter.
Everyone writes a letter.
In above sentences " write" is first form of verb. "S" is added to verb ( here"write" ) when subject is third person singular. If subject is first person( I,We) ;second person (you) or plural number , s or "es" is not added to the verb.
Exercise for students.
1. My sister get up/ gets up early in the morning.
2. Your father wear/ wears spectacles.
3. They walk/ walks fast.
4. Anita ring)/rings the bell.
5 .Arun and Sameer run/runs fast.
6. Children play /plays table tennis.
7. All the players work/ works hard.
8. India win/wins the match.
9. You and I play/plays chess.
10. My brother and my sister go/ goes to school.
Choose the right form of the above sentences and write I your notebooks.
Check your answers given at the end of this post.
We use simple Present Tense -
1. Present habbits or the things happening daily .
Examples
a) I go to school daily.
b) My grandfather goes for a walk everyday.
c) I usually wear white clothes.
2.Universal truths ,( scientific truth ,geographical truth etc.) सर्वमान्य सत्य के लिये।
Examples-
a) Water boils at 100°c.
b) Ice melts when it is heated.
c) Leaves flutter when wind blows.
d) Lions kill animals and eat them.
e) Electricity flows through wires.
d) Water flows downwards.
3 Headlines of newspapers
Let's see some headlines from newspapers.
Verb "files" represent most lively presentation of the news. However, it might be used as "filed" in simple past tense.
3. Khatter opens five projects.
4. Punjab,Haryana power utilities improve ranking.
Students must note down more headlines from English newspapers and write them in their notebooks; and paste the cuttings in their project file.
4. In conditional sentences ,we use simple Present Tense for simple condition which may be fulfilled. The second part of the conditional sentences have use of shall/will/can/may+ v1.
Structure of conditional sentences-
If/unless +sub.+v1(s,es)/do not v1/does not v1+obj. , sub+ will/shall/can/may+v1+ object.
Examples
If you work hard, you will pass.( यदि मेहनत करोगे तो पास हो जाओगे)
If you walk fast, you will catch the train.(यदि तेज चलोगे तो गाड़ी पकड़ लोगे)
Unless he works hard, he can not succeed.(जब तक वह परिश्रम नही करता, सफल नही हो सकता।)
Translate the following sentences in English.
1. यदि समय पर वर्षा होगी तो फसल अच्छी होगी।
२. यदि सरकार रोजगार देगी, तो गरीबी मिटेगी।
३. जब तक तेज नही चलोगे, गाड़ी नही पकड़ पाओगे।
४. यदि समय पर वर्षा नही होगी तो फसल बर्बाद हो जाएगी।
५. जब तक वफा न होगी, प्यार न होगा।
६. यदि तुम किसी की बुराई करोगे, वह तुम्हारा दुश्मन बन जाएगा।
Translation
1.If it rains on time, there will be rich harvest.
2. If the government provides employment, the poverty will end.
Advise for Students****
ऐसे वाक्य बनाओ तथा उनका अनुवाद करो।
Present simple tense is also used to represent the past events in a lively manner. For example presentation of a historical play is done in this tense.
भूतकाल की घटनाओ को प्रभावी व जीवन्त ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए इस काल की प्रयोग क्या जाता है।
Example from the Ramayan , the holi book.
Lord Rama builds a bridge ,Ramsetu, crosses the sea with an army of bears and monkeys ,invades Sri Lanka ,kills Ravana, enthrones Vibhishana and returns to Ayodhya in Puspak Vimaan with Sugreev,Hanuman, Lakshman and Sita. Residents of Ayodhya welcome their advent by burning diyas of ghee.
Structure of negative sentence
Subject+ do/does+ not+ v1+object
Examples-
I do not write a letter.
He does not write a letter.
Manu does not write a letter.
Do not" is used when the subject is first person or second person or plural number.
"Does not is used when the subject is third person singular number.
Exercise for students.
Use "do not" or "does not'
1. My father................wear spectacles.
2. Sarita and Savita,................ sing well.
3. Sarita as well as Savita..........sing well.
4. Truth ........................fear.
5. Snakes ...........make holes.
6. Water............boil at 90°c.
7. Lions.............eat grass.
8. Two and two..............make five.
9. They........ work in fields.
10. God .........shower mercy on the sinner.
Write these sentences in your notebooks, fill in the blanks and show to your teacher.
Or write the answers in comment box.
Structure 3 Interrogative sentences in which answer is yes or no.
Do/Does+ subject+ (not) +v1+ object?
Example
Do you write a letter?(क्या तुम पत्र लिखते हो?)
Does he play in the ground?(क्या वह मैदान में खेलता है?)
Do I not work sincerely?(क्या मैं निष्ठापूर्वक कार्य नही करता?)
Do they follow you?(क्या वे आपका अनुसरण करते हैं?)
Structure 4. Interrogative sentences in which answer is not in "yes" or "no"
Wh + do/does+ subject+ not+v1+ object?
Example-
1.Why do you weep? (तुम क्यों रोते हो?)
2. What do you want?(तुम क्या चाहते हो?)
3. Where does your mother live?( तुम्हारी माॉ कहाॉ रहती है?)
4. How do you go to office?( तुम office कैैसे जाते हो)
Students are advised to make more sentences and show their teacher.
Now fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verb.
1. Amphibians ......(live) both in water and on land.
2 The sun .....(rise) in the East and....(set) in the West.
3. Farmers ......( grow) foodgrains, fruits and vegetables.
4. A dog ....(bark) but a cat ...(mew).
5. Soldiers.....(fight) for their motherland.
6. If you ...(climb) a mountain, you will feel nausea.
6. Unless you ....(speak) the truth, people won't believe you.
7. If he.....(not save) money, his future will not be secure.
8. Slow and steady .....(win) the race.
9. Think before you....( speak).
10. I usually ....(wear) white clothes but my brother ....(wear) blue ones.
***************************
Ans.1live2. rises,sets 3. grow 4. barks,mews 5. fight 6 speak 7. does not save 8. wins 9.speak. 10. wear, wears.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
हिन्दी में पहचान-:
वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ' रहा हैै, रहे हैं, रही हैै, रही हूं, रहा हूं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
जैसे-:
तुम पत्र लिख रहे हो।
रविना घास काट रही हैै।
बाहर वर्षा हो रही है।
क्या विद्यार्थी एक स्वर में बोल रहे हैं?
आजकल मैं एक किताब लिख रहा हूं।
मैं कल दिल्ली जा रहा हूं।
Structure -:
1. Simple sentences
Sub.+ is/am)are +v 1+ing+ obj.
Examples-:
1. You are writing a letter.
2.Ravina is cutting grass.
3.It is raining outside.
2. Negative Sentences-:
Sub.+ is/am/ are+v1+ing+ object
Examples-
1. You are not writing a letter.
2. Ravina is not cutting grass.
3. It is not raining outside.
3.Interrogative sentences-
Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?
Examples-
1. Are you writing a letter?
2. Is Ravina cutting grass?
3. Is it raining outside?
Wh+ Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?
Why are you writing a letter?
Who is cutting grass?
When are you going to Delhi?
Where are they going?
Uses of present progressive tense -:
1. To express the actions that are going on at the present time .
a) I am reading now.
b) Students are playing in the garden at present.
c) You are taking to me at this time.
Adverbs "now", at present, at this time, action के होने के समय के बारे में बताते हैं। इन adverbs का प्रयोग present continuous tense में ही किया जाता है।
2 To express the planned future. नियोजित भविष्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए।
उदाहरण ◆◆
He is going to Delhi tomorrow.
We are purchasing a new house next year.
3- To contrast with present Indefinite tense.
He usually wears white clothes but today he is wearing black ones.
My sister usually goes to school on foot but today she is going by a car.
Exercise for students.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb.
1Hurry up ! The train.... ( come).
2 Run Fast! The train ..(whistle)
3-I often ..(travel) by train but now I...(travel) by air.
4. Look! Who .... (come) there?
5. I....( go) to Shimla next week.
Ans 1.is coming 2.is whistling 3.travel, am travelling 4 is coming 5. am going
Present Perfect Tense
Structure- sub.+has/have+v3+object.
हिन्दी में पहचान- वाक्य के अन्त मे चुका है, चुके हैं, चुकी है, चुका हूँ आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है। या वाक्य से यह स्पष्ट हो कि कार्य वर्तमान में समाप्त हुआ है।
We use this tense for finished actions in present.
Structure Sub+has/have+v3+object.
Examples
1.My brother has joined navy recently.
2. The third bell has gone.
3. I have purchased a flat .
4. The crop has withered away for want of rain.
5 The guests have not reached so far.
Note-- some adverbs which are prefarebly used in this tense
___ already, so far, yet, recently, lately, of late
Negative sentences
Sub ,,+ has/have+ not + v3
Interrogative sentences
Has/have+ sub +(not) +v3+ object?
Wh+ has/have+sub+ v3+object.?
Examples
Have you completed your registration?
Has he met you recently?
What have you done for your country?
Note
There is difference in present perfect and past indefinite tense.
Present Perfect Tense represents the action completed in recent present. The impact of the action is discernible at the time of mentioning the event.
Past indefinite tense is used for some past event . Time of the action is indefinite.
Examples
My brother has joined army. He joined two years ago.
Adverbs - yesterday, ago , last are used in past indefinite tense.
We can not say
He has come to me yesterday - .×[it is wrong
He came to me yesterday.✓( right)
He joined army recently. ×
He has joined army recently.✓
Exercise for students:-
Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb
1. Vijay Mallya............(elope) to abroad. He .. (elope) last year .
2. .....you ever(be) to Agra?
3. I ..(already finish) my work . Now I am going to home.
4. We...(file) a suit against NTPC claiming higher prices of the land acquired in our village. We ...(file) six months ago.
5. The last bus bound to village Goria ...(leave). It ..(leave) at 6 pm.
6. Recently my son (join) a coaching institute in New Delhi. He (deposit) the tuition fees for three months.
7. The summer vacations (end). The school will re-open tomorrow.
8. .. you (complete) the cashbook? The audit team is coming next week.
9. The washing machine ...(stop) working unexpectedly. You will have to wash clothes manually.
10. You need not take an umbrella. The rain (stop).
Present Perfect Continuous Tenses
पहचान -: वाक्य के अन्त में "से.... रहा है, से..रहा हूँ, से..रहे हैं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
This tenses refers to an activity going on for a long time.
Example:-
1. वे दो साल से इस गाँव में रह रहे हैं।
They have been living in this village for two years.
2. वह.दस सितम्बर से योगाभ्यास कर रहा है।
He has been practising yoga since tenth September.
We use' for' to denote period of time.
"Since" to denote point of time.
Structure of the sentence:-
Sub + has/have + been + V1+ing + object +since/ for + time adverb
Use since / for before these time clauses
1------ three months.
2--- three weeks.
3--------three days.
4-------three- years
5--- three centuries.
6-------three hours
7--------- three minutes
8----–-- three Seconds.
9 ----three p.m.
10.....three o ' clock
11------+ Third May
12------- his birth
13------- last Sunday
14----– 1980.
15------ Sunday.
-------------------------------------------------
Ans. 1-10 - for
11-15-since
------------------------------------------------------------
Past Indefinite Tense / Simple Past
पहचान-
वाक्य के अंत में "आ,ए,ई या ता था, ते थे, ती थी, आदि का प्रयोग जाता है।
जैसे- 1.सरदार पटेल भारत के पहले गृह मंत्री बने।
(Sardar Patel became first home minister of India)
2. भारत ने 1971 मेंं पाकिस्तान को हराया।
( India defeated Pakistan in 1971.)
3. मैं पिछले वर्ष दिल्ली गया था।
(I visited Delhi last year)
4. वह दस साल पहले यहाँ रहता था।
(He lived here ten years ago.)
---++---------------------------+--------------------------
Structure:-
Affirmative/Simple Sentence
Sub+ V2+Object
Example- I called on him yesterday.
Negative Sentences:-
Sub+ did not+V1+Object
Example- He did not obey my orders.
Interrogative Sentences:-
Did +Sub.+(not)+V1+Object?
Examples:- Did you buy a colour T.V. last year?
Wh+did+Sub.+(not)+V1+Obj?
Example:-
Why did you call in me yesterday?(कल ततुम मुझसे मिलने क्यों आए थे ?)
Adverbs of time that are used in this tense are-: yesterday, ago, last.
सरल शब्दों में हम कह सकते हैं कि यदि वाक्य में yesterday ago या last हो तो हम past indefinite tense का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Example:-
Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of tense.
1) Our teacher ....... (give) us an assignment yesterday.
2. Our teacher-------- (not give) us an assignment yesterday.
3. ...... .Your teacher....(give) you an assignment yesterday?
इन वाक्यों मेंं पहला साधारण वाक्य है, अतः verb की 2nd form is used. 1 Ans - gave
दूसरा वाक्य नकारात्मक है , अतः did not give आएगा।
तीसरा वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक है, अतः Did.....Give आएगा।
Exercise for students -: Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of tense.
1. I .........(see) a stranger in the street yesterday when I was going to the market. I..............(ask) him what he........…...(do) there. He ---------- ( reply) and just ........... (laugh).
2. All ......(know) that Newton .........(discover) laws of motion. He ..........( believe) that mere learning facts is not education.
3. All great men ........(be) common people with high goals. They .........( reach) the zenith of their destination with hard work.
4. People in past --------(travel) by bullcarts
5. There .........(live) a king in this kingdom many yeas ago. When his daughter Priyadarshini ---_
---( take) the charge of office. She -....(-be) very enrgetic and truthful. She was honest and hardworking.
---( take) the charge of office. She -....(-be) very enrgetic and truthful. She was honest and hardworking.
7.
Tuesday, 3 July 2018
Report Writing
Updated on 22/1/2021
" कोरोना को भगाना है, भारत को जिताना है"
" Two corona vaccines have been invented by India . And process of vaccination have begun from Jan16, 2021. "
" Two corona vaccines have been invented by India . And process of vaccination have begun from Jan16, 2021. "
(टीकाकरण की प्रक्रिया 16 जनवरी से शुरू हो चुकी है।)
Students should keep in mind that a report can be of many kinds e.g. reporting events/news/messages/meetings/interviews etc. While writing a report keep in mind:-
1.We use past tense for a report. Normally a report relates to the events that have occured. So we use past tense.
2. On top write the heading of the report. It should not be a full sentence
3. If the report is related to some institute , we write the address ir name of the institute before the heading
4.Write the word-A Report
5.Write the name of place and date in extreme left.
6Write in brief what you want to convey
7. At the end on left write- Reported by
8. Write the name of the reporter.
9.Enclose the written material in a box.
Report 1
Suppose you are Amit /Anita of class ..... You read in GSSS Goria, Jhajjar. Recently a quiz was held in your school on environment protection . The quiz was conducted by NTPC Jharli. Write a report on this inventing all necessary details.
********************************************************************************
QUIZ CONTEST
GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL GORIA
A REPORT
Goria, May 24. A quiz contest was held on the topic " save environment save humanity" on 24 May in our school by horticulture branch of NTPC Jharli. Mr.S.N.Chaturvedi and Mrs. Sarita conducted (संचालन किया) the contest. Students from classes 8th to 12th took part in it. It was a written quiz contest. So all the students participated in it. There were total 30 multiple choice questions to be answered in 15 minutes. At the end of the contest ( प्रतियोगिता) , the winners of the competition were given prizes by the Principal of our school. All the participants were given refreshments also. The Principal of our school motivated (प्रेरित किया) the students to plant trees and protect the environment. He called upon the students to contribute ( योगदान देना) towards making the school campus green with plants and trees.
Reported by
Amit/ Anita
Class 12th
GSSS GORIA.
------------------------------------------------------------
Report 2.
Write a report on the'Cleanliness Week' organised by your school recently. You are Sunil or Sunita of Govt.Sr.Sec.School Goria.
--------------------------------------------.....................................................................................................
Govt. Sr. Sec. School Goria
Cleanliness Week
A Report
Goria: Feb.24. A cleanliness week was organised in our school under the title 'Swachh Bharat Mission' from November 16-22 to create awareness among students about cleanliness. During the first two days the students went from door to door in the village and motivated the villagers to keep their surrounding clean. Dusbins were put at different points in the streets and people were requested to use them. Dusbins were also put in every room and student took oath to keep the school clean. On third day slogan writing, poster making and essay writing competition were held in which all the students took part. On fourth day a debate on cleanliness was held. The teachers of our school helped the students. The last two days were given to students to clean and decorate their rooms. The students of tenth class bagged first position in class decoration competition. At the end of this celebration ; our Principal thanked all the students and the teachers .
Reported by
Sunil/ Sunita
Class 12th
--------------------------------------------...............................................................................................
Report 3.
You are Deepak of 12th class. Recently your school organised Rubela and Measles awareness week. Prepare a report on it. Invent all necessary details.
Govt.Sr.Sec.School, Goria
Rubela and Malaria awareness week
Reported by Deepak
Goria, May 15. Rubela and Malaria awareness week was organised in our school from 8 May to 14 May to create awareness among students about Rubela and Measles . On the first day of the week our Principal and the Science teacher delivered a lecture on these diseases. They explained in detail about the symptoms of these diseases and how these could be controlled . They also suggested their preventive measures. Painting and poster making competition was held on next day. On third day an essay writting competition was held. Next two days were given to vaccinate the students. A team of two doctors and three nurses visited the school for vaccination. They thaked the teachers and students for making the programme successful.
Reported by
Deepak .
Class 12
GSSS
Report 4
A blood donation camp was held in your school during summer vacations. Write a report on it inventing all necessary details. Sign yourself as XYZ of GSSS ABC.
GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL, ABC
Blood Donation Camp
A Report
GSSS ABC, A blood donation camp was held in our school during summer vacations under the aegis of " Manav Kalyan Trust". A team of two doctors and three nurses took part in it. They made all necessary arrangement for donation. 50 students of our school from higher classes donated blood. The donors were given juice and certificates of donation.
The blood THUS collected was sent to the Civil Hospital of our district to be used in emergency. The Principal of our school thanked all the donors and delivered a speech on the importance of blood donation.
Reported by
XYZ.
Report 5
You are Arun of GSSS GORIA. You study in 12th Arts Your school celebrated 72nd Independence Day. Write a report in about 100 words inventing all necessary details.
_____________________________________________
Celebration of 72nd Independence Day
GSSS GORIA
A Report
Goria, August 15
72nd Independence Day was celebrated with great pomp and show in GSSS Goria. Gram panchayat Goria, SMC members, parents and many distinguished persons from the village marked their presence to witness the function. The function started after the tricolour was unfurled by the chief guest. Our Principal conveyed his hearty congratulations to all who were present in the function. He called upon the Students and teachers to perform their duty honestly to make the country great. He also presented school progress report. Then the students from various classes presented many cultural programmes. The whole atmosphere throbbed with a sense of patriotism. Then prizes were given away to meritorious students. At the end of the function sweets were distributed among students and parents. It was a memorable programme.We shall always remember it.
Arun Kumar
12TH Arts
GSSS GORIA,.
_____________________________________________
Report 6
Suppose you are Arun Kumar , a student of 12th class in GSSS ABC. Recently your school observed ' Paudhgiri Programme ' to make the school and the environment green. Write a report on it.
_____________________________________________
Paudhgiri
A Report by Arun Kumar
August 21, Jhajjar
,"Paudhgiri" Programme was observed in GSSS ABC on August 21,2018 to make the school green and beautiful . 190 saplings were brought from Sahlawas nursery and distributed among students . Some saplings were planted in the school premises by the students and the teachers. Students took selfie with their plants. Our Geography lecturer monitored the Programme. He asked the students to plant the saplings at some appropriate place - in their house ,lawn or some open field. Our Principal motivated the students to nurture and protect the saplings and keep them alive. He also declared prizes of rupees 50 for each living plant after six months and an incentive of 300 rupees if the plant was found living after three years. The students promised to make the paudhgiri programme successful.
Reportrd by
Arun Kumar
Class 12th
GSSS ABC.
Report 7
Recently voters day was celebrated in your school to create awareness among students about importance of voting. Write a report about it. Incentive all necessary details.
_____________________________________________
Voters Day Celebration
A Report
Jhajjar,Oct 17.
Voters day was celebrated in our school on Oct.17, to create awareness among people about importance of voting. Various competitions were held in the school on this occasion. At first, slogans writing contest was held . About 50 students from different classes took part in it. Then students ' rally was made to pass through the streets of the village to aware the villagers . At last a poster making contest was organised . The winners of different competitions were given prizes. The programme ended with a speech of thanks from our principal. He called upon the students to exercise their franchise wisely.
Reportrd by
XYZ.
___________________________________________
8. District Level sports tournaments were held in your school. As a CORRESPONDENT of a national daily, write a report about it.
_____________________________________________ District Tournaments Concludes
(GSSS GORIA)
REPORT BY
OUR CORRESPONDENT
Jhajjar , Oct. 17
District sports tournaments were held in our school ground from Oct,12 to Oct.16. District Education Officer, Jhajjar inaugurated the tournaments . Thousands of players from different schools took part in it. The DEO of our district called upon the organisers to maintain transparency for peaceful end of the tournaments. Volleyball team of our school stood first in the district. Many athletes of our school came out with flying colours. On the concluding day of the tournaments , our principal delivered a lecture and thanked all the participants for their cooperation.
Reportrd by
Dinesh Kumar
D.K.
Correspondent
Times of India .
_____________________________________________
9. Recently Road Safety Week was observed in your school by the traffic police of your district to create awareness among students about road rules. Write a report on it. Sign yourself as Saurabh of 12th class of GSSS Goria.
_____________________________________________
Road Safety Week
( GSSS GORIA )
Reported by Saurabh
Jhajjar, 23rd September
Road Safety Week was observed in GSSS ,Goria, 42km. away from Jhajjar. It was organised by traffic police of our district .It was aimed to create awareness among students about road rules. The message "Safety Saves" was conveyed by students in different activities like 'painting competition, slogan writing and poster making. Everyday ,last two periods of the week were devoted for these competitions. The students took part in every activity with enthusiasm. On Saturday a quiz competition was held in two groups , classes 6-8 and classes 9-12. The winners of each event were given prizes by our Principal.
Reported by
Saurabh
Class 12th
GSSS GORIA
_____________________________________________
10 Suppose you are Sabita / Saurabh of 12th class of XYZ School. Your school recently celebrated Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's 144th birth anniversary as National Unity Day. Various activities were organised in your school. Write a report about it.
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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's Birth anniversary Celebrated as National Unity Day
A Report by Saurabh
October 31, Sardar Patel's 144th birth anniversary was celebrated as National Unity Day in GSSS XYZ . Various activities were observed in the school on this occasion. At first, flowers were offered before his statue to pay him tribute. After it, all the teachers and students took a pledge to do their duty sincerely to make the nation great. Then a speech competition was held to highlight his contribution in National Integration. The speakers threw light on how he integrated 565 kingly states as a nation. After the speech ," Run for Unity" programme was held in which all the teachers and students took part. Then a painting and slogan writing competition was held in which all the students took part. In the end , our Principal thanked all to make the programme successful. He motivated the students to follow the path taken by Sardar Patel . He concluded his speech with Patel's quote, " Faith and strength, both are essential to accomplish any great work." (किसी महान कार्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए विश्वास और ताकत दोनों आवश्यक हैं।)
Students should keep in mind that a report can be of many kinds e.g. reporting events/news/messages/meetings/interviews etc. While writing a report keep in mind:-
1.We use past tense for a report. Normally a report relates to the events that have occured. So we use past tense.
2. On top write the heading of the report. It should not be a full sentence
3. If the report is related to some institute , we write the address ir name of the institute before the heading
4.Write the word-A Report
5.Write the name of place and date in extreme left.
6Write in brief what you want to convey
7. At the end on left write- Reported by
8. Write the name of the reporter.
9.Enclose the written material in a box.
Report 1
Suppose you are Amit /Anita of class ..... You read in GSSS Goria, Jhajjar. Recently a quiz was held in your school on environment protection . The quiz was conducted by NTPC Jharli. Write a report on this inventing all necessary details.
********************************************************************************
QUIZ CONTEST
GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL GORIA
A REPORT
Goria, May 24. A quiz contest was held on the topic " save environment save humanity" on 24 May in our school by horticulture branch of NTPC Jharli. Mr.S.N.Chaturvedi and Mrs. Sarita conducted (संचालन किया) the contest. Students from classes 8th to 12th took part in it. It was a written quiz contest. So all the students participated in it. There were total 30 multiple choice questions to be answered in 15 minutes. At the end of the contest ( प्रतियोगिता) , the winners of the competition were given prizes by the Principal of our school. All the participants were given refreshments also. The Principal of our school motivated (प्रेरित किया) the students to plant trees and protect the environment. He called upon the students to contribute ( योगदान देना) towards making the school campus green with plants and trees.
Reported by
Amit/ Anita
Class 12th
GSSS GORIA.
------------------------------------------------------------
Report 2.
Write a report on the'Cleanliness Week' organised by your school recently. You are Sunil or Sunita of Govt.Sr.Sec.School Goria.
--------------------------------------------.....................................................................................................
Govt. Sr. Sec. School Goria
Cleanliness Week
A Report
Goria: Feb.24. A cleanliness week was organised in our school under the title 'Swachh Bharat Mission' from November 16-22 to create awareness among students about cleanliness. During the first two days the students went from door to door in the village and motivated the villagers to keep their surrounding clean. Dusbins were put at different points in the streets and people were requested to use them. Dusbins were also put in every room and student took oath to keep the school clean. On third day slogan writing, poster making and essay writing competition were held in which all the students took part. On fourth day a debate on cleanliness was held. The teachers of our school helped the students. The last two days were given to students to clean and decorate their rooms. The students of tenth class bagged first position in class decoration competition. At the end of this celebration ; our Principal thanked all the students and the teachers .
Reported by
Sunil/ Sunita
Class 12th
--------------------------------------------...............................................................................................
Report 3.
You are Deepak of 12th class. Recently your school organised Rubela and Measles awareness week. Prepare a report on it. Invent all necessary details.
Govt.Sr.Sec.School, Goria
Rubela and Malaria awareness week
Reported by Deepak
Goria, May 15. Rubela and Malaria awareness week was organised in our school from 8 May to 14 May to create awareness among students about Rubela and Measles . On the first day of the week our Principal and the Science teacher delivered a lecture on these diseases. They explained in detail about the symptoms of these diseases and how these could be controlled . They also suggested their preventive measures. Painting and poster making competition was held on next day. On third day an essay writting competition was held. Next two days were given to vaccinate the students. A team of two doctors and three nurses visited the school for vaccination. They thaked the teachers and students for making the programme successful.
Reported by
Deepak .
Class 12
GSSS
Report 4
A blood donation camp was held in your school during summer vacations. Write a report on it inventing all necessary details. Sign yourself as XYZ of GSSS ABC.
GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL, ABC
Blood Donation Camp
A Report
GSSS ABC, A blood donation camp was held in our school during summer vacations under the aegis of " Manav Kalyan Trust". A team of two doctors and three nurses took part in it. They made all necessary arrangement for donation. 50 students of our school from higher classes donated blood. The donors were given juice and certificates of donation.
The blood THUS collected was sent to the Civil Hospital of our district to be used in emergency. The Principal of our school thanked all the donors and delivered a speech on the importance of blood donation.
Reported by
XYZ.
Report 5
You are Arun of GSSS GORIA. You study in 12th Arts Your school celebrated 72nd Independence Day. Write a report in about 100 words inventing all necessary details.
_____________________________________________
Celebration of 72nd Independence Day
GSSS GORIA
A Report
Goria, August 15
72nd Independence Day was celebrated with great pomp and show in GSSS Goria. Gram panchayat Goria, SMC members, parents and many distinguished persons from the village marked their presence to witness the function. The function started after the tricolour was unfurled by the chief guest. Our Principal conveyed his hearty congratulations to all who were present in the function. He called upon the Students and teachers to perform their duty honestly to make the country great. He also presented school progress report. Then the students from various classes presented many cultural programmes. The whole atmosphere throbbed with a sense of patriotism. Then prizes were given away to meritorious students. At the end of the function sweets were distributed among students and parents. It was a memorable programme.We shall always remember it.
Arun Kumar
12TH Arts
GSSS GORIA,.
_____________________________________________
Report 6
Suppose you are Arun Kumar , a student of 12th class in GSSS ABC. Recently your school observed ' Paudhgiri Programme ' to make the school and the environment green. Write a report on it.
_____________________________________________
Paudhgiri
A Report by Arun Kumar
August 21, Jhajjar
,"Paudhgiri" Programme was observed in GSSS ABC on August 21,2018 to make the school green and beautiful . 190 saplings were brought from Sahlawas nursery and distributed among students . Some saplings were planted in the school premises by the students and the teachers. Students took selfie with their plants. Our Geography lecturer monitored the Programme. He asked the students to plant the saplings at some appropriate place - in their house ,lawn or some open field. Our Principal motivated the students to nurture and protect the saplings and keep them alive. He also declared prizes of rupees 50 for each living plant after six months and an incentive of 300 rupees if the plant was found living after three years. The students promised to make the paudhgiri programme successful.
Reportrd by
Arun Kumar
Class 12th
GSSS ABC.
Report 7
Recently voters day was celebrated in your school to create awareness among students about importance of voting. Write a report about it. Incentive all necessary details.
_____________________________________________
Voters Day Celebration
A Report
Jhajjar,Oct 17.
Voters day was celebrated in our school on Oct.17, to create awareness among people about importance of voting. Various competitions were held in the school on this occasion. At first, slogans writing contest was held . About 50 students from different classes took part in it. Then students ' rally was made to pass through the streets of the village to aware the villagers . At last a poster making contest was organised . The winners of different competitions were given prizes. The programme ended with a speech of thanks from our principal. He called upon the students to exercise their franchise wisely.
Reportrd by
XYZ.
___________________________________________
8. District Level sports tournaments were held in your school. As a CORRESPONDENT of a national daily, write a report about it.
_____________________________________________ District Tournaments Concludes
(GSSS GORIA)
REPORT BY
OUR CORRESPONDENT
Jhajjar , Oct. 17
District sports tournaments were held in our school ground from Oct,12 to Oct.16. District Education Officer, Jhajjar inaugurated the tournaments . Thousands of players from different schools took part in it. The DEO of our district called upon the organisers to maintain transparency for peaceful end of the tournaments. Volleyball team of our school stood first in the district. Many athletes of our school came out with flying colours. On the concluding day of the tournaments , our principal delivered a lecture and thanked all the participants for their cooperation.
Reportrd by
Dinesh Kumar
D.K.
Correspondent
Times of India .
_____________________________________________
9. Recently Road Safety Week was observed in your school by the traffic police of your district to create awareness among students about road rules. Write a report on it. Sign yourself as Saurabh of 12th class of GSSS Goria.
_____________________________________________
Road Safety Week
( GSSS GORIA )
Reported by Saurabh
Jhajjar, 23rd September
Road Safety Week was observed in GSSS ,Goria, 42km. away from Jhajjar. It was organised by traffic police of our district .It was aimed to create awareness among students about road rules. The message "Safety Saves" was conveyed by students in different activities like 'painting competition, slogan writing and poster making. Everyday ,last two periods of the week were devoted for these competitions. The students took part in every activity with enthusiasm. On Saturday a quiz competition was held in two groups , classes 6-8 and classes 9-12. The winners of each event were given prizes by our Principal.
Reported by
Saurabh
Class 12th
GSSS GORIA
_____________________________________________
10 Suppose you are Sabita / Saurabh of 12th class of XYZ School. Your school recently celebrated Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's 144th birth anniversary as National Unity Day. Various activities were organised in your school. Write a report about it.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's Birth anniversary Celebrated as National Unity Day
A Report by Saurabh
October 31, Sardar Patel's 144th birth anniversary was celebrated as National Unity Day in GSSS XYZ . Various activities were observed in the school on this occasion. At first, flowers were offered before his statue to pay him tribute. After it, all the teachers and students took a pledge to do their duty sincerely to make the nation great. Then a speech competition was held to highlight his contribution in National Integration. The speakers threw light on how he integrated 565 kingly states as a nation. After the speech ," Run for Unity" programme was held in which all the teachers and students took part. Then a painting and slogan writing competition was held in which all the students took part. In the end , our Principal thanked all to make the programme successful. He motivated the students to follow the path taken by Sardar Patel . He concluded his speech with Patel's quote, " Faith and strength, both are essential to accomplish any great work." (किसी महान कार्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए विश्वास और ताकत दोनों आवश्यक हैं।)
--------------------------------------------------
11. Recently the students of your school visited a nearby private school under the twinning programme to share mutual knowledge and skills among students. Write a report about it. Sign yourself as Mukesh of GSSS ABC School.
_______________________________________________
Twinning Programme
A Report
Jan.13, 2021.
The students of our school from classes 9-12 visited Universal Sr. Sec. School under twinning programme on 13 January . The host school sent a bus for transportation of the students. 20 students and three teachers from our school boarded the bus and reached our target school within a few minutes. The students of Universal Sr.Sec. School welcomed us on the gate with garlands of flowers. Then a team of students led us to library, science labs, sports room, boxing site, shooting range and smart room. We were amazed to see the library and labs. We were thrilled to talk to the students of Universal school. Then there were many competitions between the two schools. In rangoli the girls of our school won first position. The students of ninth class of our school performed good in quiz competition . The director of Universal school motivated us to work hard. He put before us many scholarship plans launched by his school for poor and meritorious students . All the students of our school were given certificates of appreciation. At last we had a refreshment also. In short , we had a very nice time . We liked it very much.
Reported by Mukesh
School - GSSS ABC
_________________________-_________________________
12. Suppose you are Kavita of GSSS xyz. Write a report how your school organised a corona awareness rally to create awareness among people. Invent all necessary details.
____________________________________________--_
Corona Awareness Rally
A Report by Kavita
( GSSS xyz)
Jan.21, 2021
The teachers and students of our school organised a rally on Jan 21 to create awareness among people against the deadly pandemic . With banners in hands , the students passed through main streets of the village and instructed the villagers to combat covid-19. They appealed the people to wear masks, keep social distancing and avoid crowding. They also asked the people to take vaccine of corona without any apprehension. (भय या झिझक). They also displayed posters and pamphlet on main sites in the village. The people appreciated the students' initiative to create awareness against corona virus.
Reported by
Kavita
GSSS xyz.
____________;;___________________________--______--
13. Recently science block was inaugurated in your school by the DEO of your district. Write a report on it inventing all necessary details . Sign yourself as Pinky of GSSS xyz.
_____________________________________
Inauguration of Science Block
A Report
( GSSS xyz)
January 29.
Science Block having three labs viz. Physics, Chemistry and Biology was inaugurated to promote science in our school by Sh. Satyavir Siwatch, DEO Jhajjar. At this occasion a function was organised in our school. The whole of the school was decorated nicely to honour the occasion. The chief guest was received and garlanded at the gate of the school by our Principal and the teachers. The students standing in rows welcomed the guest with flowers. He was escorted to the stage and welcomed with a welcome song by the girls of our class. Then he delivered a speech on importance of science in modern world . He also praised the school management and the teachers. He motivated the students to work hard in order to get lofty aims. He also asked some questions from students about their problems. The function came to an end with a speech of thanks by our Principal.
Reported by
Pinky
Class 12th
Roll No. ----
______________________________________
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