Modals (Should, Must, Ought to) slight difference by Manju

#Stay at Home, Stay Safe

There is very minute difference in use of these modals.

Should /Ought/Must

1. Should is used to give advice ( सलाह देने के लिए) or to express  Moral duty (नैतिक कर्तव्य)  व्यक्त करने के लिए -: जैसे-:
 We should help the poor. (हमें गरीब की सहायता करनी चाहिए।)  ये हमारी नैतिक जिम्मेदारी है ।
We should respect the elders .
इसी प्रकार से Ought to का प्रयोग भी Advice or moral duty को Express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
We can say-

We ought to help the poor.
अतः should and ought to are used in nearly the same sense.

But when we use negative, we prefer shouldn't to' ought not to'
जैसे हम कहते हैं- You shouldn't play in the street.( तुम्हें गली मेंं नहीं खेलना चाहिए।)
We can't say-
You ought not to play in the street.
परन्तु इस वाक्य में हम must not use कर सकते हैं। परन्तु तब इसका अर्थ थोड़ा भिन्न हो जाता है। If we say-You must not play in the street . ( It means the speaker is very serious and action can be taken). यहाँ speaker जोरदार ढंग से मनाही कर रहा है और पालना न करने पर सख्त कार्यवाही की जा सकती है।
So use of these modals express different attitudes.

Emphatic advice / compulsion जोरदार सलाह या विवशता को व्यक्त करने के लिए must का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे-:
You must follow the rules of road.
We must respect the National Flag.
We must act according to the guidelines issued by the government.

2. ऐसे वाक्यों में should का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है जिनमें lest आया हो। जैसे-:
Walk fast lest you should miss the train. (तेज चलो कहीं ऐसा ना हो कि तुम्हारी गाड़ी छूट जाए।)
Work hard lest you should fail.

3. कभी कभी यदि के रूप में भी should का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे,

Should you go to market, bring some medicine for me.
(यदि आप बाजार में जाओ तो मेरे लिए दवाई लाना।)
उपरोक्त वाक्य में should के स्थान पर if का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

4. अनुमान के आधार पर निष्कर्ष निकालने के लिए-:
    The fan is running. Someone should be there.(पंखा चल रहा है, वहाँ कोई होना चाहिए।)
 इस वाक्य मेंं must का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। लेकिन तब certaintity बढ़ जाती है। तब अर्थ यह होता है कि वक्ता को पक्का यकीन है कि वहां कोई न कोई अवश्य है। लेकिन जरूरी नहीं है कि पंखे के चलने का सम्बन्ध किसी के होने से हो। हो सकता है कि कोई गल्ती से पंखा चलता हुआ छौड़ गया हो या किसी और कारण से। अतः इस वाक्य में should का प्रयोग ज्यादा सही है।

परन्तु यदि तथ्य के आधार पर निष्कर्ष है तो Must is used . जैसे -:

The crime branch is in search of the Molana. He must have committed a grave crime .( अपराध शाखा मौलाना की तलाश मेंं है, उसने कोई गंभीर अपराध किया होगा।)
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Exercise for practice-
Use should/ought to/must

1.  We...... love the neighbours.
2.  Children---- respect the elders.
3.  Parliament..... make strict rules against the criminals.
4.  We ...... honour the Tricolour.
5. People .......  stay at home to defeat the pandemic.
6. Students..... not waste their time.
7. Ozon layer..... be protected to minimise green house effect.
8. You..........to keep distancing in order to be safe from corona virus.
9. The UNO .... punish China for concealing the pandemic from the world.
10 ........you go to Delhi, see the Lotus temple.
11. The troops are moving to border. The war.............. have stated between the two countries.
12. There is dead silence inside the house.  The family........ have gone in a marriage.
13.  You........ not sit idle.
14. Road rules.........be followed.
15. You........to bring up your children nicely.

Modals (may, might) by Manju.

In my last post you read about can, and could. Today I will discuss with you to use May, Might.

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Use of May:-

1. Possibility (सम्भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए ) जैसे-
     --- It may rain today . (आज वर्षा हो सकती है)
       -- The train may arrive anytime. (  गाडी किसी समय आ सकती है।)
2. Wish ( कामना करने के लिए) जैसे-
    - May you live long! (भगवान करे तुम्हारी आयु लम्बी हो)
3. Permission (अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए)-
     - May I come in , sir?
      - Yes, you may.

Use of Might-

1. Least possibility ( बहुत कम सम्भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) जैसे-:
     - He is seriously ill, doctors might save him.( वह बहुत बीमार है, हो सकता है डाक्टर उसे बचा लें ( लेकिन कम सम्भावना है).
2. Past of may (may का past form) जैसे:-

  He prayed that he might live long .
  He said that it might rain .

3. Assumption ( अनुमान लगाने के लिए)
    जैसे-
    The fun is running, someone might be inside the room .

4. In conditional sentences-
    If you broke the rules, you .... be arrested.

Exercise -: Fill in the blanks using 'may' or ''might'

1.  It is cloudy , it.....  rain anytime.
2.  He...... win this year if God willing.
3.  He prayed that God...... help me.
4.   There were loud noises from the nearby         house, something bad ..have happened.
5.     You ...win scholarship if you get atleast   75% marks.
6.     The corona virus ......cause a big loss of life if govt did not take strict steps.
7.     ...I come in, sir? Yes, you......
8.     Misfortune... come anytime.
9.      It .....downpour this year
10. He said that sensex ..... fall due to lockdown.
  
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Write in your note book and solve the exercise.
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Modals (By Manju) classes 9-10 level

Shall, Should, Will, Would, May, Might, Can, Could, Must, Ought to, Used to, Dare, Need

इन्हें modal auxiliary कहते हैं।

Modals के बारे मे कुछ विशेष बातें-

1. इन्हें मुख्य क्रियाओं के रूप में प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
2. ये कर्ता के वचन तथा लिंंग के अनुसार नही बदलते।
3. Modal से पहले to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
4. इनके साथ ING का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
5. इनके साथ हमेशा verb की पहली फोर्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Use of modals-
(1.) Can- a)योग्य प्रकट करने के लिए-
Example-
1. I can drive a car .
2. He can read without spectacles.
3. I can not speak French but I can speak English.
b) Possibility (सम्भावना)
 Example- Accidents can happen to anyone.
c) Permission (इजाजत देने के लिए)
Example-You can come with me.
(2.)Could
It is used in following cases-
१. Can का past जैसे- He said that he could win the prize.
२. Past ability भूतकाल की किसी योग्यता को प्रकट करने के लिए। I could swim hours when I was young. अर्थात , जब मैं युवा था तो घण्टों तैर सकता था।(लेकिन अब नहीं तैर सकता)
३.Humble request( अर्थात विनयपूर्वक प्रार्थना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) हालांकि ऐसे वाक्यों मेंं would का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।
जैसे- Could you tell me the time? (क्या आप मुझे समय बताने का कष्ट करेंगे?)
४. Could can be used in conditional sentences.
Example
a) He could get good marks if he worked hard.(यदि वह परिश्रम करता तो अधिक अंक प्राप्त कर सकता था)

Exercise 1.  Fill in the blanks using can/could

a) My sister ........... read without spectacles.
b) I................ run ten kilometres in one hour when I was young.
c) Anyone ..........make mistakes.
d) I am ill, so I .........  go to school.
e) I was ill, so I ..........go to school.
f) ........you lend me some money?
g) You........... not go until you finish your work.
h) A lion .........not eat grass.
I) My late grandfather.........read without spectacles.
j) My teacher told me that I......get scholarship.
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Complete the blanks and show to your teacher .
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अब उत्तर मिलाओ-

a.can b.could, c. can  d)can e). Could f) could g) can, h) can i) could j) could.

The Third Level ( lesson for 12th)

#Stay Home ,Stay Safe#

5/5/2020




The Third Level by
                Jack Finney
Explanation by Baljit Singh

Summary-:

The Third Level explains how modern man is affected by complexity of life, tension, worry and war. He has no leisure time for himself which affects his mental condition. In rat race of accumulating more and more money man has become mechanical which tells upon his physical as well as his mental health. This is what happens to Charley.

Charley is a 31 year old business  man who travels hundreds of miles daily from his home to office. He travels by train. He takes train from the Grand Central Station which has two levels. But one day Charlie finds a third level also . He tells his psychiatric friend Sam about the third level. His friend tells him that there are only two levels and the third level is nothing but a waking dream wish fulfilment . It was due to insecurity, fear, war and worry. Sam advises Charley not to look for the third level again. But Charley insists that he has visited the third level. He says that one day he was in a hurry to reach home earlier . So he decided to take the sub way. There he saw new corridors which led him to a 1890 type of station where everything was old type, the locomotives, the ticket windows, spittoons, lamps and even currency. He wanted to purchase two tickets for Galesburg. He had with him bills of modern currency. The booking clerk did not accept them . So Charley came back and got exchanged some old style bills to purchase tickets for Galesburg. But he did not find the third level again . His wife got worried about him and advised him not to look for the third level again. One day an amazing thing happened to him.  He was looking among his oldest first-day covers. There he found one that had been mailed to his grandfather 's address at Galesburg. The post mark showed July 18, 1894. The paper inside it was not blank. It had a note from his psychiatric friend, Sam. Sam had written to Charlie that he also saw the third level. He saw that the people were dancing and playing music. It was  very pleasant there. Why Sam wrote to Charlie is very mysterious and has many interpretations.
__________________________________&__________SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. What does the third level refer to? Or
Do you think the third level was a medium of escape for Charley?
Ans- The third level exists only in Charley's mind or in his imagination. It is a medium of escape from reality. In fact, the modern man has become so busy in earning wealth that he has no time for himself. It creates tension, worry and war. In order to escape from reality, modern man resorts to fantasy. This is what happens to Charley. He travels hundreds of miles daily in train from The Grand Central in New York which has two levels. But Charley wants to reach home soon. So he imagines the third level also. His psychiatrist friend Sam tells him that it was his waking dream wish fulfilment.

Q2. What do you mean by a waking dream wish fulfillment? Or
   How did Charley'' psychiatric friend Sam react when he told him about the third level at the Grand Central Station?

Ans- Waking dream wish fulfillment means day dreaming or fulfillment of a wish in dreams or escape from reality. Sam told Charley that modern world is full of fear, worry and war. So everyone wants to escape from reality.

Q3. Who was Sam Weisner?
Ans. He was Charley's psychiatric friend.

Q4. What do you mean by the first day cover?
Ans. Usually when a new stamp is issued, the stamp collectors buy some of them and fix them on the envelopes mailed to themselves. The post mark on them proves the date. Such covers are called as first day covers.

Q5- What did Sam write in his letter? Why did he post it to Charley's grandfather's address in Galesburg ?

Ans- Sam wrote to Charley that he was right. He himself had also visited the third level . There everything was fine. People were happy. He heard that someone was playing on flute. Sam had posted it to the address of Charley's grandfather for two reasons. Firstly,  he wanted to convince Charley that third level really existed. Secondly, as a  psychiatrist he wanted to create the situation where Charley finds himself normal.

Q6-. What unusual things did Charley see at the third level? (Very Important)

Ans-: Charley saw many unusual things at the third level. He saw old type of locomotives and  ticket windows. He saw open gas lights and big brass spittoons on the floor. Even the currency was old style as was used in 1890. 

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THE ARTICLES. (Distance Learning at Home)

#Stay home,Stay safe# Fight Corona Virus
Follow Lockdown Rules.

Updated 2/5/2020




Usually we divide articles in two groups-

1.Indefinite Article- A, An are indefinite articles. They are used before singular countable nouns.
Example-  a book, a dog, an apple, a university, an interesting story etc.

 A' is used before those singular nouns which start from the 'CONSONANT SOUND'
AN' is used before those singular nouns which start from the' VOWEL SOUND'

Examples-
  --A----- one-eyed boy
  --A------- fat boy.
----A-----unique story.
-----An---umbrella
---A----European
----A-----University
----A-----unanimous vote.
----An-----honest boy

We do not use indefinite  article in following cases-
1) before plural nouns-   A boys - A is wrong
ii) before material nouns-   air ,water, wool, iron, gold, bronze, wood, silver, etc.
     ---x--- Air is essential for life. Here article is not used before air. Similarly-
---x--- Water is very valuable.
 --x-- Gold is a precious metal.
But if material noun is used in some specific sense we  use article-'the' as explained in latter sentences.
The Gold used in this ring is very special.
वह सोना जो इस अंगुठी  मेंं प्रयोग किया गया है वह बहुत स्पेशल है।( हम विशेष की बात कर रहे हैं।)
Similarly
We say
Water is essential for life. Water से पहले artical is not used क्योंकि सामान्य बात हो रही है।but if we say- इस जग मेंं रखा पानी बहुत ठंडा है।
The water in this jug is very chilled. Here we talk of a particular water . So 'the' is used before it.


iii) lunch, breakfast, dinner आदि से पहले कोई article नहीं लगाया जाता। परन्तु विशेष भोजन होतो article the लगाया जाता है।
उदाहरण-i) I usually do not take ---x----- lunch.
 ii) We arranged --x--- dinner for the guest.
iii).  They came to me when I was taking--x-- breakfast.
IV) खेल के नाम से पहले भी कोई आर्टिकल नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे- ---x--- Football is an expensive game.
But if we use match with football, then 'a'
Article is used.e.g.
I) I saw a football match.
5 बीमारियों के नाम से पहले Artical नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे-
 --- Cancer is a fatal disease.
   He suffers from --- Malaria.
6. College, school, hospital आदि के नाम से पहले कोई artical नहीं लगाया जाता यदि इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया गया हो। for example-
He goes to ...x....school daily. He is a student.
Yesterday I didn't go to ----x ...college.
The patient was taken to ..x...hospital

But if we use them in particular sense or for a particular purpose, we use Artical' the' before them. For example-

I went to the hospital to see my friend who was admitted there.

7. Difference between the English and English
The English are hardworking people.
English is an easy language.





2. Definite Article - 'The ' is called definite article. It is used before those nouns which are specified or unique or which have been mentioned earlier.
Example-  The Earth moves round the sun.
The following things carry article the before them.
1. Name of Newspapers:-
  The Tribune is published from Chandigarh.
 Similarly , The Times of India, The Hindu, The Economic Times, The National Herald.
2.  Name of Magazines:-
    The Review, The Debonair, The Pratiyogita Darpan, The Competition Sucess.
3. The names of Rivers
 The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Satluz
4 The names of Mountains:-
The Himalayas, The Vindhyachal
5 The names of Oceans-:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean.
6. Before the names of heavenly bodies
Example- the sun, the moon, the earth etc
7 दिशाओं के नाम से पहले यदि preposition हो- जैसे:-
In the east, in the north etc. लेकिन यदि preposition न हो तो article नहीं लगाया जाता।
जैसे:- East or West home is the best.
8. Before the names of trains, ships, airlines
Example- The Frontier Mail, The Satabdi Express, The Indian Airlines, The Taj Express, The Vikrant,
9 Before the names of dams
Example - The Bhakta Dam, The Sardar Sarovar Dam
10 Before the names of Islands , deserts and canals
Example.,- The Andaman Nicobar Islands, the Sahara Desert, the Thar Desert, the Panama Canal, The Nehru Canal
11. Religious books
 The Gita, the Ramayan, The Bible
12  Nations- The English  अंग्रेज लोग
 The French  फ्रांसीसी लोग। यहाँ अन्तर जानिए :- यदि article न लगाया जाए तो अर्थ बदल जाता है:-
I like English , it means I like English language.
If I say , I like the English. It means I like the English people.
13. Historical places-
The Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, The Golden Temple
14 Political Parties.
The Bhartiya Janta Party, The Congress, The Lok Dal
15 Historical events, battles etc
The battle of Plassey, the battle of Panipat, the battle of Waterloo
16.  In such phrases
In the morning, in the evening , in the afternoon.
But we say -:  at noon, at night, at day break etc
17 Superlative degree:- the best, the strongest, the most intelligent .
 Sometimes we use 'the' before comparative degrees of adjective -:
Example:- The higher you go, the cooler it becomes.जितना ऊपर जाएंगे, उतनी ही ठंड बढेगी।
The more, the merrier.
The older he grew, the worse he became. In these sentences we see that there is comparison between two states of degrees.
18. All व  both के बाद तथा whole, same से पहले - जैसे,-
All the boys are present in the class.
The whole class was present.
19.  Cardinal numbers
 The first, the second, the third ...
20. प्राय व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा से पहले article नहीं लगता, लेकिन पूरे कुल को बताने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग करते हैं। The Sharmas, the Bhakers, the Guptas  The Nehrus etc.
Note- sometimes, article 'a' is used before a proper noun . Example
A Rajeev was asking for you.  इस वाक्य का अर्थ यह है कि (एक राजीव नाम का व्यक्ति आपको पूछ रहा था।)
यहाँ स्पष्ट है कि वक्ता राजीव को नहीं जानता।
कई बार proper nounको common noun बनाने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:-
Kalidas is called the Shakespeare of India .

Exercise 1 for students.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate article where necessary-:

a) It is not .... easy task
b) My mother gave me .... ten rupee note
c)  I bought two...…. inkpots.
d)  ... Gita is holy book of .... Hindus.
e).  ... Gita is ... intelligent girl .
f) .... Indian Express is very popular these days.
g) My friend Sita is .... very honest girl
h) Rahul is not .... honest boy .
I) He goes to ...... University for higher studies.
j) This is .......  unique place
k) .....higher you go,...... cooler it becomes.
l)  I don't know ...... boy who came to the office yesterday.
m) .... Sun sets in.,...West.
n) They played on .....bank of ....Yamuna.
o) He came to me at..... noon .
p) .....Diwali is a festival of ... Hindus.
q) I met ....... European boy .
r) ......girl in red is my sister .
s) ......older he grows,........wiser he becomes.
t) ......rich should help......poor.

Ans 1an,b)a,c)x,d)the, the,e)X, an f), the g),a,h) an, I)a, j)a k) the, the l) the m) the, the, n) the,X o) X p) the, the q) a r) The,s) The, the t) The, the.

Exercise 2

1 I go to......school daily .I read in 12th class .
2. My father sometimes visits.....school to see the Principal.
3. He gave me...... five rupee note
4. It was .... Unique story.
5. He purchased ... new house.
6 . She is .... intelligent girl.
7.  I go  to.... temple daily.
8.  Sugar is sold forty rupees...kilo
9. My father brought ... basket of....eggs
10. I saw ..... European girl.

Note . Write the answers and show your teacher.

Should Wizard Hit Mommy

Q1. What moral issue does the lesson raise?
  Or
How does Jo want the story to end and why? Or
 An adult's perspective is different from that of a child. Why?

And - The story "Should Wizard Hit Mommy" raises a deep moral issue. It explains the two perspectives (नजरिया) of our thinking - one is the view of the adults which is realistic(वास्तविक वादी) and rational (तर्कसंगत), the second is of the children which is idealistic (आदर्श वादी) and imaginary. In the story Jo's father embodies (प्रतिरूप) the first view while she represents the second one. She is not happy with the ending of the story because she has now started asking questions and she doesn't take everything for granted.  She believes  that the wizard had done nothing wrong by providing smell of roses to Skunk. He had acted according to Roger Skunk's will (इच्छा) and he should have been rewarded  for this. But
contrary (विपरीत)to this, he is reprimanded (प्रताड़ित करना) and hit by Jo's Mommy. Now Jo is not an infant and she rationalises (तर्क करती है) with her father and wants the story end other way round in which the wizard should have hit Mommy.

Q - What impression do you form of Jack as a father?

Ans- Jack is a loving father. He loves his little daughter very much. He daily tells her a story  in the evening and for Saturday naps . He invents daily a new story with some variations.(भिन्नता). The character of his story is always a small creature "Roger" with some problems. The animal goes to the wise old owl for solutions. The owl then sends the animal to the wizard. The wizard makes magic spell with his magic wand (छड़ी) and the problem is solved. The purpose of Jack's story is only to amuse his daughter . As a story teller Jack is successful. He creates interest in his story. His daughter keeps waiting his home coming. But sometimes he can't justify with the ending of his story. When Jo tries to ask questions about the ending of the story, he can't satisfy her. Like all elders , he wants the youngers to follow their elders with respect. That's why he doesn't want Jo to form a negative view of her Mommy. He says that Mommy is always right, however he can't give a solid reason.  In brief, we can say that Jack is a loving father, a devoted husband and a good story teller. We praise him.
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Short And Type Questions-:

Q1.  Who is Jo? How does she respond to her father's story telling?

And. Jo is a little girl. She is now 4 years old and has started going to a nursery school. She started listening stories from her father when she was two years old.In the beginning she agreed whatever her father told her. But now she has become very inquisitive. She asks wise questions to make  her point clear. For example she would ask ," Are magic spells real?" Or "Is God really in sky? "  She doesn't agree with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should have hit Mommy back on her head. Jack does not like her questioning. He wants that she should listen whatever he tells and go to sleep. But she doesn't take everything for granted. ( परन्तु वह बिना तर्क हर बात को स्वीकार नहीं करती). She has developed a different perspective.

Q2.Why does Jack insist that it was the wizard that was hit and not the mother?

And -: Jack tries to convey the message that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. They should never ask questions about what their elders do or say.  That's why he insists that mommy was right when she hit the wizard. However, he fails to justify his statement.

Q3. What makes Jack feel caught in an ugly middle position?
And. Jack tells Jo a story in which Roger Skunk's Mommy hits the wizard without any reason. Jo thinks that the wizard should have hit Mommy back. But Jack tries to convey that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. He insists that Mommy was right when she hit the wizard but he fails to justify his statement.Thus he feels caught in an ugly middle position.

Q4:- Why did Roger Skunk go in search of the wizard? Or What was Roger Skunk's problem? Where did he go to solve the problem?

And. Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals run away from him.  The old wise owl told him that the wizard could help him. So he went to the wizard to solve his problem.

Q5 How did the wizard help Roger Skunk?
And:-  The wizard took a magic wand and chanted a  spell. The whole of the room filled with the smell of roses. Roger Skunk ,too, had the smell of roses. His bad smell had gone. He was happy.

Q6-: How did Roger Skunk's mother react when he had smell of roses?

Ans-: Roger Skunk's mother was not happy when her Skunk got the smell of roses. She liked her Skunk in his original smell. She got angry and went to the wizard and hit him on his head. She asked the wizard to revert his spell . The wizard said,"OK" And Roger Skunk smelled very bad again.

Q7:- What is your stance regarding the two endings of the story?

Ans-: I agree with Jo's views.  The wizard should have hit Mommy back on her back. He had acted according to the will of the Skunk. He had done nothing wrong. Why should Mommy hit him.

Some other important questions

1. Why did Roger Skunk go to see old owl?

Ans-: Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals ran away from him  when he went to play with them. So he went to the old wise owl to seek his advice in this regard. 

Q2. What advise do the old wise owl give to the Skunk?

Ans-: The old wise owl advised the Skunk to see the wizard to solve his problem 

Q3. Who was Jack? Where did he work?

Ans-: Jack was little Jo's father . He worked at Boston. He used to tell Jo a story every day. So she eagerly waited him.

Q4 .What had Jack been doing for two years?

Ans-: For two years , Jack had been telling  Jo a story of a little animal, Roger fish or Roger squirrel or Roger Skunk. He told nearly the same story with little variations.

Q5. Was Skunk's mother happy when he got the smell of roses? Why?

Ans-: The Skunk's mother was not happy when he got the smell of roses. She liked his skunk in his original shape. So she went to the wizard and hit him hard on his head. She asked him to make his Skunk smell as he was earlier.

Q6-. Was the Skunk happy when he got the smell of roses? How do you know?

Ans.- Yes , the Skunk was very happy when he got the smell of roses. He went to home jumping with joy. His joy knew no bounds when all  his friends played with him. 
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Journey to the End of the Earth (Tishani Doshi)

  #Stay Home, Stay Safe"
Updated on 11/5/2020



Q1. Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's past, present and future. Comment on this.

Ans- The writer has rightly said that Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's present, past and future. There are many reasons to believe this. First and the foremost reason is that Antarctica is unaffected by human population and their activities, so it is in its purest state which is favourable to study its past. Secondly, there may be some clues about past in the Antarctica region hidden under the folds of ice. Thirdly, one can wonder how the sheets of thick ice suddenly break and collapse indicating the dangers of global warming and its impact on environment. More over, the atmosphere at the Antarctica is serene and peaceful which indicates the primitive state of our Earth.

Q2. "Take care of small things and the big things will take care of themselves". Comment on the appropriateness of this statement in context with the Antarctica region.

Ans-: This statement is very apt in context with the Antarctica region. In this region, there are single celled plants called as phytoplanktons. These plants are source of food for the marine animals. They synthesize food using carbon-dioxide, water and sun energy. If the growth of these plants is affected , the whole ecological balance in Antarctica region is spoiled. So in order to maintain ecological balance in Antarctica region, we must take care of small things i.e. phytoplanktons.  Secondly, we are using fossil fuels recklessly.  It causes global warming. So we should burn fossil fuels judiciously. By doing so we can aver the danger of global warming.

Q3. The world's geological history is trapped in Antarctica. How is the study of this region useful to us?
Ans-  Refer to Ans. Of question 1.

Q4. What are Geoff Green's reason for including high school students in the "Students on Ice" expedition (अभियान)?
Ans. Geoff Green believes that high school students are important and responsible members of our future generation. They are our future policy makers. They have ability to absorb, learn and act. By their visit to Antarctica, they can understand the real danger of global warming.  In future when they grow up,  they will take important steps to protect the environment and control population explosion. For these reasons, Geoff Green included the students of high school in "Students on Ice" programme.
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Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

Summary of the poem:-
( Analysis by Baljit Singh)
It is a small but beautiful poem written by Adrienne Rich. It is a symbolic poem conveying the message of male dominance . The poem has three stanzas only. The first one explains the tigers which aunt Jennifer has embroidered on the screen. The tigers are walking in the green world with a chivalric pace. They are not afraid of the men sitting beneath the trees. They look like a bright topaz.
   The second stanza explains the influence of uncle's dominant personality on aunt Jennifer. She is suppressed and submissive. She has a great burden of household chorus. She is too weak to pull the needle through her wool. Her hands flutter due to weakness . Her wedding band seems massive for her weak hands.
The third stanza contrasts life and art. It suggests that life is short-lived whereas art is immortal. The tigers which she has made on the panel will go on prancing even after her death . They won't lose their beauty,grace and dignity in coming years but she will lay buried in a grave unknown and forgotten.
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Active and Passive voice (by simple method) high level students

Hello Students! You are waiting for my new post. You have demanded for a post on "Change Voice".

Students, remember that before starting to learn voice, you must have knowledge of tense. At least, you should have knowledge of structure of the tense.
Lets take the verb write and transform it in different tenses and their passive voice.



Some important facts about the rules for changing voice:-

1. Always use V3 (3rd form of verb) in passive voice.
2.  Active voice में कर्ता (subject)प्रधान होता है जबकि passive voice में कर्म( object) प्रधान होता है।
3. Passive voice में by का प्रयोग किया जाता है। परंतु यदि क्रिया करनेवाला agent (subject) understood हो तो by तथा subject का प्रयोग नहींं किया जाता।
जैसे,
People speak English all over the world.
लोग सारे संसार मेंं अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं।
English is spoken all over the world.(by people) (लोगों द्वारा)
सारे संसार में अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
यहां 'by people' लगाना आवश्यक नहीं है।
जल्लाद ने अपराधी को फाँसी दी।
(The executioner hanged the culprit)
 The culprit was hanged (by the executioner)
अपराधी को फाँसी दी गई।
हमें पता है फाँसी किसने दी ,इसलिए by the executioner लगाना आवश्यक नही है।
Similarly ,there are endless sentences in which the subject is understood and it may be omitted in passive voice.

Now tense wise exercises of voice.

1 Present Indefinite Tense
Simple sentences:-

Sub + v1(s,es)+obj. (Active Voice)
Obj.(as sub.) + is/am/are+ v3 + by+ sub.(as obj)

Examples
1. Ravi writes a story.
A story is written by Ravi.
2. She plays football in the ground.
Football is played by her in the ground.
3. Hindus worship goddess Lakshmi.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped by the Hindus.

Negative sentences:-

He does not write a letter. (A.V.)
A letter is not written by him.(P.V.)

They do not answer your question.(A.V.)
Your question is not answered by them.(P.V.

Interrogative Sentences

Do you like coffee?(A.V.)
Is coffee liked by you?(P.V.)

What do you want?(A.V.)
What is wanted by you?(P.V.)

Whom do you like?(A.V.)
Who is liked by you?(P.V.)

How do farmers grow crop?(A.V.)
How is crop grown by farmers?(P.V.)

Exercise for students

Change voice of the following sentences:-

1. You sing a song.
2. I do my work on time.
3. She does not hate children.
4. Some dirty people throw poly bags in streets.
5. Do you dislike the traitors?
6. Do crickets make homes?
7. When does he write a novel?
8. How do you know me?
Note- कुछ verbs के साथ by का प्रयोग न करके किसी अन्य preposition का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे
Know to, interested in, indulged in , contain in, consist in etc.

9. Your story does not interest me.
   (I am not interested in your story)
10. This jug contains milk.

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Present continuous tense:-

Simple sentences,
Sub+ is/am/are+v1+ing+obj.
Obj.+is/am/are+being+v3 + by +sub.(as obj.)

Examples
I am writing a blog.
A blog is being written by me.

They are following me.
I am being followed by them.

Negative sentences,

I am not inviting them on my birthday party.
They are not being invited by me on my birthday party.

The crowd is not shouting slogans on the office gate.
Slogans are not being shouted on the office gate by the crowd

Rich people are not investing money in insurance policies.
Money is not being invested in insurance policies by rich people.

Interrogative sentences:-
Structure:-
Is/am/are+sub+v1 +ing+obj?(a.v.)
Is/am/are +obj.+being+v3 +by+sub?(p.v.)

Wh+is/am/are+sub.+v1+ing+obj?(A.V.)
Wh+is/am/are+obj+being+v3 +by + sub(p.v.)

Are you making good money in business?(a.v.)
Is good money being made in business by you?(p.v.)

What are you doing at this time?
What is being done by you at this time?

How much profit is your company making these days?
How much profit is being made by your company these days?

Exercise

1. They are wasting their time.
2. Sampat is plowing his fields.
3. Rajan is not using pesticides in his crops.
4. Farmers are not selling grain this year.
5. Are students making a noise?
6. Am I not helping you now?
7. How are some farmers using organic compost in their fields?
8. Which books are you purchasing from the book fair?
9.Why are they not liking his posts?
10. How is he making money by selling drugs?

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Present perfect tense

Sub+has/have+v3 +obj. (Active voice)
Obj.+has/have+been+v3 +by+sub.(p.v.)

Examples
Simple sentences:-

He has written a letter.(active voice)
A letter has been written by him.(passive )

Negative sentences:-

He has not completed his work.
His work has not been completed by him.

Interrogative sentences:-

Have you finished that work?
Has that work been finished by you?

What has he brought for you?
What has been brought by him for you?

Why has the government brought population control bill in the parliament?

Why has population control bill been brought in parliament by the government?

Now read the following sentences and change voice

1. The elections have been declared.
(चुनाव घोषित किए जा चुके हैं।)
2. Bio-metric attendance system has been implemented in government offices.
सरकारी कार्यालयो मेंं बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली लागू की जा चुकी है।

Both of the above sentences are written in passive form. चुनाव की घोषणा या बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली किसने लागू की यह स्पष्ट है। इन्हें active voice मे बदलना है।
In both sentences 'by the government' subject understood है।

1 The government has declared the elections.
2. The government has implemented bio-metric attendance system in government offices.

Exercise for students:-
Change voice:-

1. I have visited Tajmahal many a time.
2. The farmers have sowed seeds by now.
3. Tickets have been checked.
4. All friends have been invited in the party.
5. Has he taken coaching for competitive exam?
6. How much money has he spent for treatment of his wife?
7. Culprits have been arrested within a week.
8. My facebook account has been hacked.
9. Someone has created a fake account.
10. Have you improved your writing skills?
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  PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

STRUCTURE:-

SIMPLE SENTENCE

Sub+v2+obj. ( Active)
Obj.+was/were+v3 +by+sub. (Passive)

He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him.

Negative sentences:-

Sub+ did not+v1+ obj.( Active)
Obj+was/were not+v3 + by +sub.(passive)

He did not write a letter.( Active)
A letter was not written by him.(passive)

Interrogative sentences:-

Did+sub+v1 +obj ?.(active)
Was/were+obj.+ V3 +by+ sub.? (Passive)

Did you write a letter?
Was a letter written by you?(passive)

Some more examples with answers.

1. He made a mistake.
A mistake was made by him.
2 Arun caught the thief.
The thief was caught by Arun.
3.He did not follow rules.
 Rule were not followed by him.
4. Did he win the match?
 Was the match won by him?

Some passive structures in which subject is understood. So it is not used.

The tickets were checked.(टिकटें  चैक की गई।)
यह passie form है। इसका active voice बनाने के लिए understood sub का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
The T.T.E. checked the tickets.
Or
The conductor checked the tickets. Or

जब कर्ता स्पष्ट न हो तो subject ,'someone' लगाया जाता है।
Someone checked the tickets.

Exercise for students

1. He obeyed the teachers.
2. My cousin purchased a car.
3. She invited me on her birthday.
4. I left school last year.
5. You didn't tell the stories.
6. Ashoka founded a big empire.
7. Arun didn't find a good job.
8 Did he obey his parents?
9. Why did you punish the kids?
10. What did you have in breakfast?
11.  Who checked these copies?
12. Tickets were distributed to able candidates.
13. Wrong-doers were punished .
14. A lecture was delivered on women's rights by the students of our school.
15. We watered the saplings daily in summer season.
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          Past Continuous Tense

• Structure-:
• Object as sub. +Was/were+ being +V3+by+ subject as object
• Example-: Active voice-: He was wasting the money.
• Passive Voice-: The money was being wasted by him.
• 
  
• 
  

Links

Here are some links which may provide you other notes :-
http://gsssgoria.blogspot.com

Advertisements

Writing advertisement is an art. An advertisement should be:-
1. Brief
2. Attractive
3. Meaningful
4. It must convey the desired information in a brief and lucid manner.

Examples:-
1. Write an advertisement promoting sale of an Solar geyser launched by your company recently. Invent all necessary details.

__________-__________________________________
                 Save Your Power Bills
    Use Newly Launched Solar Geysers
                         For
     Homes, Hospitals & Factories

Main Features:-

* Strong and Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* 10 years warranty
* Free Installation

       Contact us at:
Jakhar Solar Systems, 22, Bhagat Singh Market, Jhajjar.
Mob. No.: ×××××××680

We promise a reliable service.
__________________________________________

2. Write an advertisement for an electronic water purifier launched by your company recently.

_____________________________________________

Save yourself from waterborne diseases

                   Install at

 Homes , Hospitals & Offices

 Our newly launched water purifier

Main Features:-

* Strong & Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* Five Years Warranty
* G.S.T. Bills
* Free installation

       Contact us at:-
Jakhar Electronics, Bhagat Singh Market,
Jhajjar
Mob. No. ×××××××680

We promise a reliable service.
___________-________________________________
 
3. You propose to sell a flat as you are going abroad. Write an advertisement for it. Sign yourself as Arun Kumar of 119, Geeta Colony Kurukshetra.

_____________________________________________

                   Flat For Sale
A beautiful and newly built flat is available for sale at Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra. The main features of the flat are:-
* Two spacious bedrooms , a drawing room and a lobby.
* Marble flooring.
* Well furnished kitchen.
* Modern bathroom and toilet.
* Separate stairs.
* View of public park from balcony.
* Reasonable prices.
Contact for detail:-
Arun Kumar, 119, Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra.
Mob. ×××××××680
_____________________________________________
4.
Write a notice for the Lost and Found column of a National Daily Newspaper intimating the people of your file which you lost somewhere while travelling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus.

_____________________________________________

                      Lost and Found

While traveling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus I lost my file containing some important documents such as passport, driving license, adhar card and some money. If they are not found, I may face a great difficulty. The finder is requested to send it on my address or inform me on my mobile number . A good cash prize with countless thanks is promised.

Chain Singh
VPO Jhamri,
Mob.no. xxxxx96580.
_______________________________________

Note making

Note-making - 5 marks

नोट बनाने का अर्थ है कि दिए हुए passage को स्पष्ट व संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत करना ताकि उसे समझने में आसानी हो व समय की बचत हो। किसी लम्बे अनुच्छेद को याद रखने के लिए नोट बनाये जाते हैं। नोट बनाने का कोई hard and fast rule  नही है। जिस प्रकार इतिहास या राजनीतिक शास्त्र विषय में लम्बे व विस्तृत अध्यायों को याद रखने के लिए heading बनाए जाते हैं उसी प्रकार English के बड़े अनुच्छेदों को याद रखने के लिए तथा उन्हें समझने के लिए note बनाए जाते हैं।

Note बनाते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें।
1. Notes संक्षिप्त हों।
2. Passage में किसी बात को समझाने के लिए दिए गए उदाहरणों को notes में शामिल न करें।
3. Notes मेंं passage का सार सार ही लिखें।
4. Passage को बार बार पढकर उसका उपयुक्त शीर्षक दें। यदि किसी passage में अधिक paragraph हैं तो हर paragraph का एक sub-title दिया जा सकता है। फिर उसके sub-points दिए जा सकते हैं।
5. Abbreviation का प्रयोग करें व उन्हेंं bracket / box  मेंं बन्द करें।
6. आप सुविधानुसार अपने abbreviation का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं। इसमेंं कोई निर्धारित नियम नही है।
7. केवल आवश्यक abbreviations का प्रयोग करें।
8.  Note बनाते समय ध्यान रखें कि पूरा वाक्य न लिखा जाए। केवल शब्द समूहों का ही प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।
9. Passage में दिए गए तथ्यों को सारणी-बद्ध रूप मे ंं प्रस्तुत करें।

अभ्यास:-

Passage 1.

Read the passage and make notes. Also give a suitable Heading.

1. The most frightening(भयानक) aspect (पहलू) of malnutrition(कुपोषण) is that it is likely to cause permanent damage(क्षति) to the brain. Experiments carried out ( कार्यान्वित किए गए) on animals suggest that brain damage due to malnutrition is irreversible ( जिसे रोका न जा सके). This may note be true of human beings.

2. Nevertheless, (फिर भी) known facts as well as results of tests conducted so far point to alarming conclusions. The human brain grows very fast. Three months before its birth, the child's brain weighs one fourth of the adult's brain. In one year, the brain of a child is already 66 percent of the weight of the adult brain. At four year, the brain weighs 90 percent and at eight, the child's brain is the size of an adult's and there is no further increase. Quite obviously,(स्पष्ट रूप से) the first four years are crucial (important) for development of the brain. And if the child suffers from malnutrition, the damage to the brain may well be permanent.

3. Fortunately,( सौभाग्य से) and thanks to the research carried out by scientist in India and abroad (विदेश) and systematic attempts made by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad,to analyse the cause of malnutrition in this country,one need not wait for years to solve at least some aspects of the problem.
4. For instance, it was found that the addition of iodine in the lake-water salt consumed in the sub-Himalayan region(क्षैत्र) would go a long way in controlling goitre ( घेंघा, a swelling in the front of the throat) . Again, experiments made by the Institute reveal,(प्रकट करना) that inexpensive ( सस्ती) green leafy vegetables are good alternative (विकल्प) to eggs and butter as a rich source of Vitamin A.

5. The Institute has also carried out considerable research into fortification, किलाबन्दी करना, किसी अन्य तत्व को मिलाने से सुधार लाना) of various foods. Modern bread is a case in point. But since the bread is beyond the means of the poor, the Institute has found some items of mass consumption ( उपभोग) which can be strengthened(मजबूत बनाना) with certain proteins and amino acids. Fortification of common salt is considered the most promising possibility.

Notes:-
A) Most frtng. aspect of mlntrsn.
   !) Prmnt dmg of br.
   !!) Dmg irreversible
B) grth of human br.- amazing factors:-
    !) 3 mnth before brth- weight 1/4 of           adult's br.
   !!) 1 yr.- 66 % of adult's br.
   !!!) 4 yr. -90 % of adult's br.
   iv)  8 yr. - full grth/ no further increase.
     v) frst 4 yr. crucial for dvlpmnt.
C) Upshot of research carried out by scientists in India and abroad:-
i)  addition of Iodine in lake water salt controls goitre
ii) leafy vgtbls good alternative to egg.
Iii) frtfction of various foods with prtns and amino acids reduce mlntrsn.

Heading of the passage:- Malnutrition- causes, impact and remedies

_____________________________________________
Abbreviations-

frtng- frightening
mlntrsn- malnutrition
prmnt- permanent
dmg- damage
grth - growth
mnth- month
br. - brain
yr.- year
dvlpmnt- development
vgtbls- vegetables
frtfction- fortification.
_______________________
______________________
Note- best way to make abbreviations is to use only consonants from the spelling of a word.

We must remember that rules of grammar are not followed while making notes.

________________________________________

   Passage 2 

Read the passage carefully and make notes.

Whether the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 will prove a mile stone for the coming generations of new India or not is a burning question today. It is supposed to be pro-employment as it is based on skill development. It lays emphasis on utility and practicability. The present education policy which came into existence in 1986 was also claimed to create employment  and to make students more prone to science and technology . Vocationalisation  of education was the core issue of this policy. Thousands of vocational institutions and Industrial Training Institutes were opened to attain the desired goals. Hundreds of Poly technique institutions, IITs, IIITs , IIMs  and AIIMS were opened in order to create more jobs in public sector. The policy might have proved successful to some extent but still it could not fulfill the needs of growing India in the hours of globalisation. So the need for new education policy was felt by the think tanks of the country and the draft for  NEP 2020 was visualised . As a result , NEP came into existence. It claims  to produce a sea change in the present  education system. It is more centred to school education, especially Primary Education. As per new education policy 2020 , three years of pre-primary education has been incorporated which  promotes learning by playing technique. A kid of three years age can be enrolled for pre-primary class. The students in pre-primary classes need not  carry books or bags. It is based on oral learning. It will be helpful for the poor people who go on work for daily wages leaving behind their kids with their bigger sons or daughters whom they keep away from school only to look after their younger brothers or sisters. The concept of pre-primary education will prove beneficial at two levels for parents. First, they need not to worry  

On The Face of It (Analysis by Baljit Singh)

Updated 24/10/2020

Only mask and social distancing is a vaccine for corona.

So in order to be safe-

1. Wear mask when you go outdoor.

2. Keep washing your hands with soap at intervals.

3. Keep social distancing.

4. Avoid ice- cream or other cold things.

5. Take warm water, tea or milk at intervals.

Remember lockdown is over, not corona.

 

We must have a positive attitude towards life and the world .

( On the Face of It) by Susan Hill

Mr. Lamb's garden . 

Derry's meeting with Mr. Lamb

This lesson has three scenes and three characters; Derry, Mr.Lamb and Derry's mother.

Q1. What is it that draws Derry towards Mr.Lamb in spite of himself?

Ans. Mr. Lamb is very friendly to Derry. He is different from other people. He has a positive attitude to life.  He welcomes Derry in his garden.  Gates of his garden are always open. He encourages Derry to love himself. He says that outer beauty is not so important as inner beauty. He tells  Derry that he should not hate his burnt face. He builds confidence in Derry. Derry finds himself changed after his meeting with Mr.  Lamb. His encouraging words attract Derry towards him.

Q2. When does Mr. Lamb display signs of loneliness and disappointment? What are the ways in which he tries to overcome these feelings ?

Ans. Mr.Lamb lives alone in a garden.  He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes everyone in his garden . The Gates of his garden are always open.  Derry enters his garden jumping over a wall. He encourages Derry to respect himself. His words change Derry . Derry promises him to come again. After Derry has gone , Mr. Lamb speaks to himself  . He says, " Everyone says that he will come again but nobody comes again". These words show his loneliness and disappointment  . But soon he overcomes his loneliness. He listens humming of bees . He enjoys watching and listening the nature. He finds no difference between flowers, trees, herbs and weeds. He considers them all living things. Such positive thoughts remove his loneliness and disappointment.


Q3. How did Mr. Lamb's meeting with Derry become a turning point in Derry's
 life? Or

Derry is a victim of his own complex. Do you find some change in him in the end?

Ans. Derry is a victim of his own complex. We know that his face is burnt. He dislikes himself. But his meeting with Lamb becomes a turning point in his life. Lamb's encouraging words rebuild his confidence. His words fill Derry with jest for life. He talks nicely. He says strange things that attract Derry towards him in spite of his mother's warning. There is something in Lamb's personality that attracts Derry towards him. We find Derry a changed person after his meeting with Lamb.

Other important questions-:

1.Who is Mr.Lamb? How does Derry get into his garden?
Ans- Mr. Lamb is an old man. He has a tin leg. His leg was blown off in war. He has positive attitude to life. He is friendly with everyone. He has an apple garden. Derry enters his garden by jumping over a wall. He welcomes Derry in his garden. He encourages him. He is really a nice person.
2. How did Mr. Lamb take his handicap?

3. What does Lamb say about bees?
And He says that some people say that bees but.  but for me they humm and human means sing. It all depends on our outlook to life.


4 Why did Derry start weeping in the end?

And. Derry feels much changed after his meeting with Lamb. He is a peculiar person and says peculiar things. Derry is much impressed with him . So he starts weeping when he came to know that Mr. Lamb had died .
5 How did Derry respond when he saw that the garden was not empty?
And -: Derry got afraid when he saw that the garden was not empty. He was startled when he heard Mr. Lamb saying ,"Mind the crab apples" He said that he thought that the garden was empty. He said that he had not come to steal.

6. What can be the other end of the story in your opinion?
And:- In my opinion, the story should have a happy ending. It would be nice if Mr. Lamb was unconscious and Derry would take him to hospital. After treatment he would have recovered and both of them lived happily. They would have motivated others to live a better life.
Word- meanings
Defiant- disobedient ( अवज्ञाकारी)
Tentatively- hesitantly(हिचकते हुए)
Trespassing- to enter without permission(अतिक्रमण करना)
Startled - surprised (चकित)
Crab- wild and sour( जंगली व खट्टे)
Swishes - loud hissing sound( सरसराना)

अन्य शब्द contributed by a student

Some important questions prepared by a student

Q1 How did Mr. Lamb try to give courage and confidence to Derry?
And. Mr. Lamb is an optimistic person. He fills Derry's heart with optimism. He is not shocked on seeing his burnt face. Rather he talks to him in a friendly manner. He says that Derry has two arms, two legs, eyes , ears and a younger and brain. He can do better if he focuses on his positive things. He says that handsome is that handsome does. In this way Mr. Lamb tries to give courage and confidence to Derry.

Q2. What change took place in Derry when he met Mr. Lamb?

Ans- Same as and of question 1.

Q3. Both Derry and Lamb are victims of physical impairment,

The Enemy

Humanity is the greatest religion .
(मानवता सबसे बड़ा धर्म है।)

Summary of the Lesson:-(The Enemy)

The Enemy' is a beautiful story of a Japanese doctor named Sadao. As a boy he was brought up very tenderly by his father who wanted him to become a doctor. So he was sent to America  for study of medicine and surgery. There he met a girl named Hana at an American professor's house. He was attracted towards the girl at first sight but he hesitated to propose her until he was sure that she was a Japanese because his father would not let him marry a girl of different clan. When it was sure that she was a Japanese, he married her in a traditional way. After completing his education , he returned to his country and joined military as a surgeon and  scientist. The world war was going on but he did not go with the troops, rather he stayed back for two reasons ; firstly, he was doing a  research on treatment of wounds and secondly, the old general was serious and might need an operation at any time.

One day he was standing on the steps of his house with his wife Hana. He saw the image of a man near his door steps in the sea. He proceeded to see who he was. He came to know that he was an American soldier who was badly wounded and needed an urgent treatment. As a doctor , it was his moral duty to save the life of a patient irrespective of his caste, creed, colour or clan; and as a patriot and nationalist, it was his duty to hand over the enemy's soldier to police. So he was in a conflict of his duty as a doctor to save the life of a patient , and as a patriot to hand over the enemy's soldier to police.

The story vividly explains the conflict going on in his mind. His servants deny to wash the soldier. Even his wife cooperates with him unwillingly.  But his inner voice guides him to perform his duty as a doctor. So he decides to tend  the wounded soldier. He operates upon him. Though he is in a great danger. He might be charged of treason for harbouring an enemy's soldier. Despite all risks, he heals the soldier. At last ,he  helps the soldier run away in a boat. Though he helps the enemy's soldier, yet we cannot call him unpatriotic. He performs his duty as a doctor very sincerely. He acts in a human way. We cannot help praising him.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Who was Dr. Sadao? Where was his house?

Ans. Dr. Sadao was a famous Japanese surgeon and scientist. His house was situated above a narrow beach on a Japanese coast. It was outlined with bent pines.

Q2. Will Dr.Sadao be arrested on the charge  of harbouring an Enemy?

Ans. Dr. Sadao had harboured an enemy's soldier. He could be charged of treason for this act . He could be arrested for such a grave crime. But he performed his duty as a  doctor in a nice manner. We cannot call him unpatriotic . He merely performed his duty as a doctor .

Q3. What was the chief concern (चिन्ता) of Sadao 's father and what did he do for it?

Ans. His chief concern was his education only. So he never joked or played with him. He wanted him to become a doctor. So he sent Sadao to American for the study of medicine and surgery.

Q4. Why was Sadao not sent abroad with the troops( सेना की टुकड़ी)?

Ans. Sadao was not sent with troops for two reasons. Firstly, he was perfecting a discovery that could make wounds entirely clean. Secondly, he was treating the old General who might need operation at any time.

Q5. Who was Hana? Where had Sadao met her?

Hana was Sadao 's wife. He had met her at the house of an American professor. He was attracted towards her. But did not fall in love with her until he was sure that she was a Japanese .

Q6. How did the foreign students feel at Professor Harley's house?

Ans. Professor Harley and his wife were kind people. They were ready to help their foreign students . But the students felt boredom. The rooms were small and food was also not good. Moreover, his wife was very talkative.

Q7. How did Sadao's Marriage with Hana take place?
Ans Sadao's Marriage with Hana took place in old Japanese traditional way.

Q8. What did Sadao and Hana see when they were standing at their door one misty(धुंध भरी) night?

Ans. They saw a man who was flung (फेंका गया)  out of the ocean. He seemed wounded (घायल) . He was crawling(रेंग रहा था) on his hands and knees.
Q9. In what condition did Sadao and Hana find the wounded man on the beach?

Ans. The man was in a bad condition. His face was smeared with  sand. His cap was battered. There was a bullet wound in his back and blood had coagulated (जम गया था) there. He was almost unconscious (बेहोश).

Q10 How did Yumi, the maid-servant , behave when Dr. Sadao asked her to wash the White man ?

Ans Yumi was Sadao's maid-servant . She looked after his children. She was very nice to the children. She refused to wash the White man.

Q11. What did Sadao notice about the White man's wound? How did he stop its bleeding?

Ans. Sadao noticed that it was a bullet wound that had reopened . It was bleeding now. To stop bleeding, he took some moss lying on the beach and put it into the wound.

Q12. "The kindest thing would be to put him back into the sea." Who says this and why?

Ans. Sadao's wife Hana says these words. She felt pity for the White man. They can not give him shelter in their house because they can be arrested for it. If they hand him over to police as a prisoner, he is sure to be killed. So the kindest thing would be to put him back into the sea .

Q13. How did the old general offer to help Sadao in getting rid of the white man?

Ans The General had his private assassins. He told Sadao that they were expert in eliminating anybody without leaving any trace. He offered them for Sadao.

Q14. Why did servants leave Sadao's house?

Ans:-  Sadao had harboured an American soldier in his house. Moreover, he asked the servants to wash the wounded soldier . The servants thought that it was an act of treason ( देशद्रोह) to help an American at such a moment when war was going on between America and Japan. So they left Sadao's house. 

Essay Type of Questions.

Q1. There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national vitality. Discuss with reference to the story, 'The Enemy'.

Ans. There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national loyalty. This statement aptly befits to the story 'The Enemy'. In this story Dr. Sadao, a Japanese surgeon, has to face the dilemma when he finds a wounded American soldier on his door steps. As a doctor, he was obliged to save his life but as a nationalist and a patriot , he was bound to hand over the soldier to Japanese police. But his conscience does not allow him to let the soldier fall in the hands of police and he helps the soldier in healing his wound. He operates upon the soldier and finally decides to make his safe escape in a boat. He might be charged of treason for helping an enemy but he takes that risk also for the sake of humanity. In spite of his act, we can not blame him of treason because he constantly talks of his duty as a patriot. In brief, we can say that Dr.Sadao choses what a doctor should chose in such circumstances.

An Elementary School in a Slum by Stephen Spender ( Analysis of the poem by Baljit Singh)

 An Elementary School in a Slum

Summary of the poem:-

*It is a short poem written by Stephen Spender. It explains the pathetic state of an elementary school situated in a slum. The poem also explains the class discrimination, political indifference and hollow educational ideology. The poet uses many images to highlight the pathetic life of the children grown up in slum. These children are berieved of basic amenities of life such as food, clothing and homes. The poet bitterly attacks  the teachers , governors, bureaucrats and political parties who are responsible for their plight. The poet calls upon the slum dwellers to break open the chains of slavery and move freely in the vast sky.

Q.1. How does the poet describe the faces of the children in the classroom?

Ans The faces of the children in the classroom are like rootless weeds. They lack vitality and vigour.

Q2. What is there on the walls of the classroom?

Ans There are some objects of donation on the walls . There is a picture of Shakespeare's bust. There are also pictures of cloudless dawn, Tyrolese valley and a cathedral domes These pictures only temt them to steal.

Q3.What does the poet say about the ' open-handed' map?

Ans. Open-handed' map has no significance in the life of poor children. It shows all the seas and lands in the world . Contrary to this , their world is limited to the slums.

Q4. Why does the poet say " Shakespeare is wicked-?
Ans The head of Shakespeare displayed on the walls of the school is worthless for the slum dwellers. It has no significance in their lives. It only temts them to steal. That's why the Shakespeare is wicked- for them

Q5.  Why has map been said to be a bad example

The world 's map does not show the slum dwellers their real world. It does not match their real world which is blotted with innumerable slums. That is why the map has been described as a bad example.

Q6. What does the poet want for the children of slums? How can their lives be improved?

Ans. The poet wants that the slum children should be taken out to green fields where they can play on gold sand under the blue sky. Their lives can be improved only If they come out of their cramped homes.

Q7.How does the poet describe some children in the classroom?
Ans The children in the classroom are under nourished .There is tall girl with her head weighed down, a paper seeming boy with rat's eyes, a boy with twisted bones.  There is also a sweet unnoted boy with dreamy eyes.

Syllabus for Sept. Exam

Always believe in the might of your conscience.

11th English

Hornbill
1.The Portrait of a Lady
2. We are not Afraid to Die - If we can all be Together
3. Discovering of Tut- The Saga Continues
4. Landscape of the Soul
5. The Ailing Planet- The green Movements Role

Poetry

1. A Photograph
2. The Laburnum Top
3. The Voice of the Rain

 SNAPSHOT

1.The Summer of Beautiful White Horse
2. The Address
3. Ranga's Marriage
4. Albert Einstein at School
5. Mother's Day

Grammar

1. Determiners
2. Parts of Speech
3. Tenses in Detail
4. Modals in Detail

Creative Writing

1. Application Writing
2. Notices ( related to school and public places)
3. Description of events and incidents


Syllabus for 12th

Flamingo

1. The Last Lesson
2. Lost Spring
3. Deep Water
4  The Rattrap
5. Indigo

Poetry

1. My Mother at Sixty Six
2. An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
3. Keeping Quiet
4. A Thing of Beauty

Vistas

1.The Third Level
2. The Tiger King
3. Journey to the End of the Earth
4. The Enemy
5. Should Wizard Hit Mommy?

Grammar

1.Tenses in Detail
2 Narration

Creative Writing

1. Advertisement and Posters
2. Reports
3. Letter Writing

--–-------------------------+--

My Mother at Sixty Six by Kamla Das.

22 April /2020.  #Stay at Home , Stay Safe"

Summary of the poem

It is a short and beautiful poem written by Kamla Das. It explains the paradox of human relationships. Sometimes we fail to explain our genuine feelings . It is what happens in this poem. The poetess was driving to Cochin airport. Her mother was sitting beside her. She was very weak and thin. Her mouth was open. She was dozing. She looked like a corpse. The poetess realized that her end was near. This thought made her  sad. Soon she put that thought away and looked outside. She saw merry children spilling out of their homes. She saw young trees sprinting back. On reaching the airport she saw her mother again. She could not articulate her parting words. She kept only smiling . Thus the poem contrasts life with death, energy with inactivity . It also brings out the paradox of human relationships.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1 Why has the mother been compared to the late winter's moon?

In late winter , the moon becomes yellow and very small. It loses it lustre. The poet's mother was also very old and weak. She has turned pale due to old age. That is why , the poet compares her mother to waning moon.

Q2 What is the kind of pain and ache that the poet feels?

Ans. The poet's mother was old and weak. She had grown pale due to old age. She would not live long. The thought of losing her mother created pain and ache in her heart.
3. Why are the young trees described as ''sprinting'?

Ans. 'Sprinting means "running very fast. As the poet's car was moving fast and the trees appeared to move backward, so they have been described as sprinting. Infact trees were still. It was only illusion of vision.

Q4. Why has the poet brought in the image of the merry children spilling out of their homes,?

Ans. The image of merry children spilling out of their homes contrasts childhood and old age. Childhood is the symbol of energy, vitality and merry making while old age symbolises weakness, sadness and sickness.

Q5 What do the parting words of the poet and her smile signify?

Ans, The poet's parting words : "See you soon, Amma"  are only formal. They signify that poetess was indifferent to her mother's mental state. Her smile also indicates that she was not serious about her mother's condition.

Q6.What painful thought comes to the poet' mind and how does she drive it away?

Ans  On seeing her mother' s physical state, the poetess realized that her end was near. But soon she put that painful thought away and looked outside at the merry children and sprinting trees .


_____________________________________________

Read the stanza carefully and answer the questions that follow-:

Driving from my parent's home to Cochin last Friday morning,
I saw my mother, beside me,
doze, open mouthed, her face ashen like that
of a corpse and realised with pain
that she was as old as she looked,

Q1. "I saw my mother". Who does "I"refer to?
Q2. Who was driving and where?
Q3. Who was sitting beside the narrator?
Q4. What does she compare her mother to? Why?
Q5. Make sentence using ' as...as'.
Q6-. What did the poet realise with pain?
Q7.  What is meaning of " corpse"?

July SAT SOLUTIONS

Q1. You are Manav Garg, the NSA Captain of Shiv Shakti School, Panipat. Draft a notice for your school notice board inviting volunteers to attend the 10 days Cleanliness Camp in a nearby village.

Ans.

…......….......................................................................

     Ten Days Cleanliness Camp at Jharli

                         A Notice

People are informed that a ten days cleanliness camp is to be organised at Jharli from August 1 to 10 by Manav youth club to promote "Sawachh Bharat Mission" - a programme of The Government of India. Volunteers are cordially invited to attend this camp and contribute their services to ....the nation. All arrangements such as food and stay will be made by Shiv Shakti School . Please register your names from 26 to 31 July with our school.

Manav Garg,

NSA Captain,

Shiv Shakti School, Panipat.

.......,............................................................................

                         OR

You want to sell a Colour T.V. Drafting an advertisement for it in the column of FOR SALE

Ans.

.......….........................................................................

                              FOR SALE

  An L.G. Colour T.V. , screen 24'', good condition, is offered for sale on reasonable prices as the owner is going abroad. Contact immediately  XYZ,  115 Friends Colony, Jhajjar. Contact no. xxxxxxx680.

....................................................................................
Q2.
Write a report on tree plantation programme which was organised by your school last month, in about 150 words.
_____________________________________________

            Tree Plantation Programme
                        A Report

  August 1,Goria .  A tree plantation programme was organised by our school last month to make the school campus green and beautiful. All the students and the teachers of our school took part in it. About 200 plants were brought from nursery at Sahlawas . Students and teachers planted some trees in the school campus and rest of the plants were distributed among the students. The principal of our school delivered a speech on the importance of trees and motivated the students to plant and protect trees. He said that the trees are invaluable gift from God to man and it is our duty to protect them. The students took an oath to protect the trees.
Reported by
XYZ ,
GSSS GORIA.
_____________________________________________
      OR
Recenty  your school has observed a Road Safety Week. The S.P.(traffic) of your city gave the students a lecture on Road Safety. The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. As the Student Editor of your school magazine write a report on the event.

_____________________________________________

                  A Road Safety Week
                       (GSSS GORIA)
                           A REPORT

Goria. May,15 . A Road Safety Week was organised in our school by district traffic police from May 7 to May 13 . The students were made aware of road signs and the rules with the help of posters and charts. The S.P. traffic police of our city gave a lecture on Road Safety and motivated the students to follow rules of road. Books mentioning the rules of roads were distributed among students. A test having 30 objective type of questions was taken to evaluate the knowledge of students about road rules. At the end , our principal thanked the traffic police for enhancing the students' knowledge about road rules.

Reported by
Amit
Student Editor,
GSSS GORIA.
___________&________________________________

Q3.
a) She....tastes../has tasted.. meat several times.
b) He....has been absent.. since Monday.
c) The train...has just....arrived.
d) He gerally ...writes in English, but today he...is writing.. in Hindi.
....,...............................................
Note- अन्य प्रश्नों के उत्तर site par देखें.
Site. englishnotesfor12th.blogspot.com

Tense in detail.

Always believe in the might of your conscience.
सदैव अपनी अन्तरात्मा की ताकत में विश्वास रखो।
Students, you must have knowledge of verbs before learnining the tense. In fact, tense is appropriate use of verbs in agreement with subject and time.

Let's start from very simple.

Simple Present Tense   or
Present Indefinite Tense

हिन्दी मे पहचान
वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ता हैै, ता हूं, ती है,ते हैै आता है।
जैसे
मैं पत्र लिखता हूं।
वह प्रतिदिन समय पर स्कूल जाता है।
क्या तुम पूजा करते हो?
पानी १००°c पर उबलता है।

Structure ---


 1.Positive --  Subject+ v1(s,es) + object

Example.
 I write a letter.
You write a letter.
They write a letter.
He writes a letter.
She writes a letter.
John writes a letter.
My brother writes a letter.
John and Mary write a letter.
Everyone writes a letter.

In above sentences " write" is first form of verb.  "S" is added to verb  ( here"write" ) when subject is third person singular. If subject is first person( I,We) ;second person (you) or plural number , s or "es" is not added to the verb.

Exercise for students.

1. My sister get up/ gets up early in the morning.
2. Your father wear/ wears spectacles.
3. They walk/ walks fast.
4. Anita ring)/rings the bell.
5 .Arun and Sameer run/runs fast.
6. Children play /plays table tennis.
7. All the players work/ works hard.
8. India win/wins the match.
9. You and I play/plays chess.
10. My brother and my sister go/ goes to school.

Choose the right form of the above sentences and write I your notebooks.
Check your answers given at the end of this post.

We use simple Present Tense -

1. Present habbits or the things happening daily .
Examples
a) I go to school daily.
b) My grandfather goes for a walk everyday.
c) I usually wear white clothes.
2.Universal truths ,( scientific truth ,geographical truth etc.) सर्वमान्य सत्य के लिये।
Examples-
a) Water boils at 100°c.
b) Ice melts when it is heated.
c) Leaves flutter when wind blows.
d) Lions kill animals and eat them.
e) Electricity flows through wires.
d) Water flows downwards.

3 Headlines of newspapers
Let's see some headlines from newspapers.

1. U.K. visas open for Indian scientists and academics.

2.Dushyant files a defamation case against Viz.(दुस्यन्त ने विज के विरुद्द मानहानि का केस किया)
Verb "files" represent most lively presentation of the news. However, it might be used as "filed" in simple past tense.
3. Khatter opens five projects.
4. Punjab,Haryana power utilities improve ranking.

Students must note down more headlines from English newspapers and write them in their notebooks; and  paste the cuttings in their project file.

4. In conditional sentences ,we use simple Present Tense for simple condition which may be fulfilled. The second part of the conditional sentences have use of shall/will/can/may+ v1.
Structure of conditional sentences-
If/unless +sub.+v1(s,es)/do not v1/does not v1+obj. , sub+ will/shall/can/may+v1+ object.
Examples

If you work hard, you will pass.( यदि मेहनत करोगे तो पास हो जाओगे)
If you walk fast, you will catch the train.(यदि तेज चलोगे तो गाड़ी पकड़ लोगे)
Unless he works hard, he can not succeed.(जब तक वह परिश्रम नही करता, सफल नही हो सकता।)

Translate the following sentences in English.

1. यदि समय पर वर्षा होगी तो फसल अच्छी होगी।
२. यदि सरकार रोजगार देगी, तो गरीबी मिटेगी।
३. जब तक तेज नही चलोगे, गाड़ी नही पकड़ पाओगे।
४. यदि समय पर वर्षा नही होगी तो फसल बर्बाद हो जाएगी।
५. जब तक वफा न होगी, प्यार न होगा।
६. यदि तुम किसी की बुराई करोगे, वह तुम्हारा दुश्मन बन जाएगा।
Translation
1.If it rains on time, there will be rich harvest.
2. If the government provides employment, the poverty will end.
Advise for Students****
 ऐसे वाक्य बनाओ तथा उनका अनुवाद करो।

Present simple tense is also used to represent the past events in a lively manner. For example presentation of a historical play is done in this tense.
भूतकाल की घटनाओ को प्रभावी व जीवन्त ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए इस काल की प्रयोग क्या जाता है।
Example from the Ramayan , the holi book.

Lord Rama builds a bridge ,Ramsetu, crosses the sea with an army of bears and monkeys ,invades Sri Lanka ,kills Ravana, enthrones Vibhishana and returns to Ayodhya in Puspak Vimaan with Sugreev,Hanuman, Lakshman and Sita. Residents of Ayodhya welcome their advent by burning diyas of ghee.

Structure of negative sentence

Subject+ do/does+ not+ v1+object

Examples-

I do not write a letter.
He does not write a letter.
Manu does not write a letter.

Do not" is used when the subject is first person or second person or plural number.

"Does not is used when the subject is third person singular number.

Exercise for students.

Use "do not" or "does not'

1. My father................wear spectacles.
2. Sarita and Savita,................ sing well.
3. Sarita as well as Savita..........sing well.
4.  Truth ........................fear.
5.  Snakes ...........make holes.
6.  Water............boil at 90°c.
7. Lions.............eat grass.
8.  Two and two..............make five.
9.  They........ work in fields.
10. God .........shower mercy on the sinner.

Write these sentences in your notebooks, fill in the blanks and show to your teacher.
Or write the answers in comment box.

Structure 3 Interrogative sentences in which answer is yes or no.

Do/Does+ subject+ (not) +v1+ object?

Example

Do you write a letter?(क्या तुम पत्र लिखते हो?)
Does he play in the ground?(क्या वह मैदान में खेलता है?)
Do I not work sincerely?(क्या मैं निष्ठापूर्वक कार्य नही करता?)
Do they follow you?(क्या वे आपका अनुसरण करते हैं?)

Structure 4. Interrogative sentences in which answer is not in "yes" or "no"

Wh + do/does+ subject+ not+v1+ object?

Example-

1.Why do you weep?   (तुम क्यों रोते हो?)
2. What do you want?(तुम क्या चाहते हो?)
3.  Where does your mother live?( तुम्हारी माॉ कहाॉ रहती है?)
4.  How do you go to office?( तुम office कैैसे जाते हो)

Students are advised to make more sentences and show their teacher.

Now fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verb.      
1. Amphibians ......(live) both in water and on land.
2 The sun .....(rise) in the East and....(set) in the West.
3. Farmers ......( grow) foodgrains, fruits and vegetables.
4. A dog ....(bark) but a cat ...(mew).
5. Soldiers.....(fight) for their motherland.
6. If you ...(climb) a mountain, you will feel nausea.
6. Unless you ....(speak) the truth, people won't believe you.
7. If he.....(not save) money, his future will not be secure.
8. Slow and steady .....(win) the race.
9. Think before you....( speak).
10. I usually ....(wear) white clothes but my brother ....(wear) blue ones.
***************************
Ans.1live2. rises,sets 3. grow 4. barks,mews 5. fight 6 speak 7. does not save 8. wins 9.speak. 10. wear, wears.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE   OR  PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

हिन्दी में पहचान-:

वाक्य मे क्रिया के अन्त मे ' रहा हैै, रहे हैं, रही हैै, रही हूं, रहा हूं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

जैसे-:
तुम पत्र लिख रहे हो।
रविना घास काट रही हैै।
बाहर वर्षा हो रही है।
क्या विद्यार्थी एक स्वर में बोल रहे हैं?
आजकल मैं एक किताब लिख रहा हूं।
मैं कल दिल्ली जा रहा हूं।

Structure -:
1. Simple sentences

Sub.+ is/am)are +v 1+ing+ obj.

Examples-:

1. You are writing  a letter.
2.Ravina is cutting grass.
3.It is raining outside.

2. Negative Sentences-:

Sub.+ is/am/ are+v1+ing+ object

Examples-

1. You are not writing a letter.
2. Ravina is not cutting grass.
3. It is not raining outside.

3.Interrogative sentences-

Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?

Examples-
1. Are you writing a letter?
2. Is Ravina cutting grass?
3. Is it raining outside?

Wh+ Is/Am/Are+ Sub.+v1+ing+ object?

Why are you writing a letter?
Who is cutting grass?
When are you going to Delhi?
Where are they going?

Uses of present progressive tense -:

1. To express the actions that are going on at the present time .
a) I am reading now.
b) Students are playing in the garden at present.
c) You are taking to me at this time.

Adverbs "now", at present, at this time, action के होने के समय के बारे में बताते हैं। इन adverbs का प्रयोग present continuous tense में ही किया जाता है।
2 To express the planned future. नियोजित भविष्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए।
उदाहरण ◆◆
He is going to Delhi tomorrow.
We are purchasing a new house next year.

3- To contrast with present Indefinite tense.

He usually wears white clothes but today he is wearing black ones.

My sister usually goes to school on foot but today she is going by a car.

Exercise for students.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb.
1Hurry up ! The train.... ( come).
2 Run Fast!  The train  ..(whistle)
3-I often ..(travel) by train but now I...(travel) by air.
4. Look! Who .... (come) there?
5. I....( go) to Shimla next week.

Ans 1.is coming 2.is whistling 3.travel, am travelling 4 is coming 5. am going

Present Perfect Tense

Structure- sub.+has/have+v3+object.

हिन्दी में पहचान- वाक्य के अन्त मे  चुका है, चुके हैं, चुकी है, चुका हूँ आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है। या वाक्य से यह स्पष्ट हो कि कार्य वर्तमान में समाप्त हुआ है।

We use this tense for finished actions in present.

Structure   Sub+has/have+v3+object.

Examples
1.My brother has joined navy recently.
2. The third bell has gone.
3. I have purchased a flat .
4. The crop has withered away for want of rain.
5 The guests have not reached so far.

Note--   some adverbs which are prefarebly used in this tense

___ already, so far, yet, recently, lately, of late

Negative sentences

Sub ,,+ has/have+ not + v3

Interrogative sentences

Has/have+ sub +(not) +v3+ object?

Wh+ has/have+sub+ v3+object.?

Examples

Have you completed your registration?

Has he met you recently?

What have you done for your country?

Note

There is difference in present perfect and past indefinite tense.

Present Perfect Tense represents the action completed in recent present. The impact of the action is discernible at the time of mentioning the event.

Past indefinite tense is used for some past event . Time of the action is indefinite.

Examples

My brother has joined army. He joined two years ago.

Adverbs - yesterday, ago , last are used in past indefinite tense.

We can not say

He has come to me yesterday - .×[it is wrong

He came to me yesterday.✓( right)

He joined army recently. ×

He has joined army recently.✓


Exercise for students:-

Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verb

1.  Vijay Mallya............(elope) to abroad. He ..   (elope) last year .
2.  .....you ever(be) to Agra?
3. I ..(already finish) my work . Now I am going to home.
4. We...(file) a suit against NTPC claiming higher prices of the land acquired in our village. We ...(file) six months ago.
5. The last bus bound to village Goria ...(leave). It ..(leave) at 6 pm.
6. Recently my son (join) a coaching institute in New Delhi. He (deposit) the tuition fees for three months.
7. The summer vacations (end). The school will re-open tomorrow.
8. .. you (complete) the cashbook? The audit team is coming next week.
9. The washing machine ...(stop) working unexpectedly.  You will have to wash clothes manually.
10. You need not take an umbrella. The rain (stop).


Present Perfect Continuous Tenses

पहचान -: वाक्य के अन्त में "से.... रहा है, से..रहा हूँ, से..रहे हैं आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
This tenses refers to an activity going on for a long time.

Example:-
1. वे दो साल से इस गाँव में रह रहे हैं।
They have been living in this village for two years.
 2. वह.दस सितम्बर से योगाभ्यास कर रहा है।
He has been practising yoga since tenth September.

We use' for' to denote period of time.
    "Since" to denote point of time.


Structure of the sentence:-

Sub + has/have + been + V1+ing + object +since/ for + time adverb


Use since / for before these time clauses


1------ three months.
2--- three weeks.
3--------three days.
4-------three- years
5--- three centuries.
6-------three hours
7--------- three minutes
8----–-- three Seconds.
9 ----three p.m.
10.....three o ' clock
11------+ Third May
12------- his birth
13------- last Sunday
14----– 1980.
15------ Sunday.
-------------------------------------------------
Ans. 1-10 - for
         11-15-since
------------------------------------------------------------
     
       Past Indefinite Tense / Simple Past

पहचान-
वाक्य के अंत में "आ,ए,ई या ता था, ते थे, ती थी, आदि का प्रयोग जाता है।

जैसे- 1.सरदार पटेल भारत के पहले गृह मंत्री बने।
        (Sardar Patel became first home minister of India)
  2.  भारत ने 1971 मेंं पाकिस्तान को हराया।
( India defeated Pakistan in 1971.)
3. मैं पिछले वर्ष दिल्ली गया था।
(I visited Delhi last year)
4.  वह दस साल पहले यहाँ रहता था।
 (He lived here ten years ago.)
---++---------------------------+--------------------------
Structure:-
  Affirmative/Simple Sentence
   Sub+ V2+Object
Example- I called on him yesterday.
Negative Sentences:-
 Sub+ did not+V1+Object
Example- He did not obey my orders.
Interrogative Sentences:-
Did +Sub.+(not)+V1+Object?
Examples:- Did you buy a colour T.V. last year?

Wh+did+Sub.+(not)+V1+Obj?
Example:-
Why did you call in me yesterday?(कल ततुम मुझसे मिलने क्यों आए थे ?)

Adverbs of time that are used in this tense are-: yesterday, ago,  last.
सरल शब्दों में हम कह सकते हैं कि यदि वाक्य में yesterday ago या last हो तो हम past indefinite tense का प्रयोग करते हैं।

Example:-

Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of tense.

1) Our teacher ....... (give) us an assignment yesterday.
2. Our teacher-------- (not give) us an assignment yesterday.
3. ...... .Your teacher....(give) you an assignment yesterday?

इन वाक्यों मेंं पहला साधारण वाक्य है, अतः verb की 2nd form is used. 1 Ans - gave
दूसरा वाक्य नकारात्मक है , अतः did not give आएगा।
तीसरा वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक है, अतः Did.....Give आएगा।

Exercise for students -: Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of tense. 

1. I .........(see) a stranger in the street yesterday when I was going to the market. I..............(ask) him what he........…...(do) there. He ---------- ( reply) and just ........... (laugh).

2. All ......(know) that Newton .........(discover) laws of motion. He ..........( believe) that mere learning facts is not education. 

3. All great men ........(be) common people with high goals. They .........( reach) the zenith of their destination with hard work.

4. People in past --------(travel) by bullcarts   

5. There .........(live) a king in this kingdom many yeas ago. When his daughter Priyadarshini  ---_
---( take) the charge of office. She -....(-be) very enrgetic and truthful. She was honest and hardworking. 

7.