#Stay Home! Stay Safe!
"Be vocal for the local."- PM Narender Modi
देखने मेंं ये दोनों समान हैं लेकिन वाक्य मेंं उनके कार्य भिन्न हैं।
Demostrative Pronoun वाक्य मेंं किसी noun की तरफ संकेत करता है। उदाहरण- this, that, these, those.
1. This is my pen. (इस वाक्य में "this' एक demonstrative (डिमोन्सट्रेटिव) pronoun है। यह pen की तरफ संकेत करता है।
2. These are my books. ( इस वाक्य में these' एक demonstrative pronoun है।) यह पुस्तकों की तरफ संकेत करता है)
इसी प्रकार
That is a girl .
Those are girls .
ध्यान रखें नजदीक की किसी एकवचन संज्ञा के लिए- this
बहुवचन संज्ञा के लिए- these
दूर की एकवचन संज्ञा के लिए - that
"" """बहुवचन """"""""""" - those
का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Demonstrative Adjective ( संकेतवाचक विशेषण)
जो विशेषण अपने तुरन्त बाद प्रयुक्त संज्ञा की तरफ संकेत करता है, उसे Demonstrative Adjective कहते हैं।
उदाहरण- this, that, these, those.
1. This girl is intelligent. ( यहां "this" अपने तुरंत बाद आने वाली संज्ञा 'girl'की तरफ संकेत करता है। अतः in this sentence 'this' एक Demonstrative Adjective है।
परन्तु
This is an intelligent girl. इस वाक्य मेंं' this ' एक demonstrative pronoun है।
इसी प्रकार से निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को देखिये-
1 That boy is very sincere.( Demonstrative Adjective)
That is a very sincere boy. (Demonstrative Pronoun)
अब आपको समझ आ गया होगा।
अभ्यास 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से demonstrative pronouns/ demonstrative adjective छांटो व अपनी कापी में लिखो।
1. This is my shirt.
2 I bought this shirt from market.
3. Those bananas are very nice.
4 Those are nice bananas.
5 My father gave me this watch on my birthday.
6. This is a watch my father gave me on my birthday.
7. These boys are very regular.
8. These are very regular boys.
9 . That is a bench .
10 You may sit on that bench.
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Posts
Tuesday, 19 May 2020
Monday, 11 May 2020
How to Write a Notice
#Stay Home, Stay Safe#
नोटिस लिखने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें-:
1. नोटिस लिखने के लिए present or future tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
2. नोटिस को box में लिखा जाता है।
3. सबसे ऊपर केंद्र में heading लिखा जाता है, उसके नीचे संस्था का नाम लिखा जाता है।फिर word , NOTICE लिखा जाता है।
4. दांए कौने मेंं date लिखी जाती है।
5. फिर नोटिस का content लिखा जाता है जो कि बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। इसमें present या future tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
6. सबसे नीचे बाँयी तरफ लिखने वाले का नाम, पता तथा हस्ताक्षर लिखे जाते हैं।
आओ अब कुछ नोटिस लिखेंं:-
1. Suppose you are Rohit of GSSS ABC. You study in class 12th. Your school is going to organise a blood donation camp. Write a notice inviting the willing donors for it. Invent all necessary details like time , venue etc. of the camp.
___________________________________________
Blood Donation Camp
(GSSS. ABC)
A NOTICE
May 16, 2020
It is informed to the general public that a blood donation camp will be held in the campus of GSSS ABC on 21st May. The willing donors are invited to donate their blood at this occasion. Remember blood donation is a noble cause and a great service to mankind. All the donors will be given a certificate of appreciation.
Rohit
Class -12th
GSSS ABC.
____________________________________________
2. Suppose you are the student editor of your school magazine ' Mission". Invite articles, poems etc. from the students for publication in the annual issue of the magazine. Sign yourself as Prachi.
_____________________________________________
Compositions for School Magazine Mission
(GSSS GORIA)
A NOTICE
May 16,2020
Students are invited to contribute their original compositions for publication in the annual issue of the school magazine "Mission". Please submit your compositions to the undersigned latest by the end of this month.
Prachi,
Students' Editor.
____________________________________
___________________________________________
3. Your annual examination is scheduled to commence (शुरू होना) from March 3. Write a notice on behalf of the Principal of your school intimating the students about it.
_________________________________________
Annual Examination Starts
(GSSS XYZ)
A NOTICE
Feb.25,2021
All the students are informed that their annual examination is commencing from March 3. All the concerned students are advised to contact their class incharges for roll number slips and guidance.
Principal
नोटिस लिखने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें-:
1. नोटिस लिखने के लिए present or future tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
2. नोटिस को box में लिखा जाता है।
3. सबसे ऊपर केंद्र में heading लिखा जाता है, उसके नीचे संस्था का नाम लिखा जाता है।फिर word , NOTICE लिखा जाता है।
4. दांए कौने मेंं date लिखी जाती है।
5. फिर नोटिस का content लिखा जाता है जो कि बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। इसमें present या future tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
6. सबसे नीचे बाँयी तरफ लिखने वाले का नाम, पता तथा हस्ताक्षर लिखे जाते हैं।
आओ अब कुछ नोटिस लिखेंं:-
1. Suppose you are Rohit of GSSS ABC. You study in class 12th. Your school is going to organise a blood donation camp. Write a notice inviting the willing donors for it. Invent all necessary details like time , venue etc. of the camp.
___________________________________________
Blood Donation Camp
(GSSS. ABC)
A NOTICE
May 16, 2020
It is informed to the general public that a blood donation camp will be held in the campus of GSSS ABC on 21st May. The willing donors are invited to donate their blood at this occasion. Remember blood donation is a noble cause and a great service to mankind. All the donors will be given a certificate of appreciation.
Rohit
Class -12th
GSSS ABC.
____________________________________________
2. Suppose you are the student editor of your school magazine ' Mission". Invite articles, poems etc. from the students for publication in the annual issue of the magazine. Sign yourself as Prachi.
_____________________________________________
Compositions for School Magazine Mission
(GSSS GORIA)
A NOTICE
May 16,2020
Students are invited to contribute their original compositions for publication in the annual issue of the school magazine "Mission". Please submit your compositions to the undersigned latest by the end of this month.
Prachi,
Students' Editor.
____________________________________
___________________________________________
3. Your annual examination is scheduled to commence (शुरू होना) from March 3. Write a notice on behalf of the Principal of your school intimating the students about it.
_________________________________________
Annual Examination Starts
(GSSS XYZ)
A NOTICE
Feb.25,2021
All the students are informed that their annual examination is commencing from March 3. All the concerned students are advised to contact their class incharges for roll number slips and guidance.
Principal
GSSS XYZ
__________________________________
4 . Suppose you are students' secretary of your school. Your school has decided to organise a historical tour of students. Write a notice informing the students about it. Also invite the name of willing oarticiparti. Sign yourself as Raman/ Radha .
_______________________________
Tour Notice
( GSSS XYZ)
May 19, 2020.
All the students are informed that our school has decided to organise a three days historical tour to Rajasthan. Willing students may contact the undersigned for detail.
Raman/ Radha
Students' secretary.
GSSS XYZ.
_______________________________
5.Suppose you are Shiva of tenth class. You found a file while you were playing in the school ground. Write a notice for the notice board of your school about it.
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Found! Found! Found!
May20,2020.
While playing in the school playground during recess period, I found a file containing some important documents and five hundred rupees. The owner may get it from the school office after giving particular details.
Shiva
Class Tenth,
GSSS xyz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Suppose you lost your bag while you were playing in the school playground during recess. Write a notice about it. Sign yourself as Anamika of tenth class.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lost! Lost! Lost!
While playing in the school playground during recess period, I lost my bag somewhere. Besides books, it contains some important documents of my elder brother. The finder is requested to give it to me or deposit with the school office.
Anamika
Roll no. 25
Class Tenth
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Suppose you are are Mohit. You read in tenth class in ABC school. Your school is going to organise a quiz Contest on Saturday. Write a notice on behalf of the principal of your school informing the students about it.
__________________________________&_
Quiz Contest
( ABC Public School)
A Notice
July1, 2020.
All the students are informed that our school is going to organise an online quiz Contest in Mathematics and Physics on Saturday ( 4 July) . It is compulsory for all students to take part in it. A link will be sent on Saturday. The students should fill their names, name of school and school code. After it they should answer the questions and submit the report. A certificate of appreciation will be given to the winners.
Rohit
Class tenth.
( For Principal ABC, Public School)
---------------------------------------------------
__________________________________
4 . Suppose you are students' secretary of your school. Your school has decided to organise a historical tour of students. Write a notice informing the students about it. Also invite the name of willing oarticiparti. Sign yourself as Raman/ Radha .
_______________________________
Tour Notice
( GSSS XYZ)
May 19, 2020.
All the students are informed that our school has decided to organise a three days historical tour to Rajasthan. Willing students may contact the undersigned for detail.
Raman/ Radha
Students' secretary.
GSSS XYZ.
_______________________________
5.Suppose you are Shiva of tenth class. You found a file while you were playing in the school ground. Write a notice for the notice board of your school about it.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Found! Found! Found!
May20,2020.
While playing in the school playground during recess period, I found a file containing some important documents and five hundred rupees. The owner may get it from the school office after giving particular details.
Shiva
Class Tenth,
GSSS xyz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Suppose you lost your bag while you were playing in the school playground during recess. Write a notice about it. Sign yourself as Anamika of tenth class.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lost! Lost! Lost!
While playing in the school playground during recess period, I lost my bag somewhere. Besides books, it contains some important documents of my elder brother. The finder is requested to give it to me or deposit with the school office.
Anamika
Roll no. 25
Class Tenth
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Suppose you are are Mohit. You read in tenth class in ABC school. Your school is going to organise a quiz Contest on Saturday. Write a notice on behalf of the principal of your school informing the students about it.
__________________________________&_
Quiz Contest
( ABC Public School)
A Notice
July1, 2020.
All the students are informed that our school is going to organise an online quiz Contest in Mathematics and Physics on Saturday ( 4 July) . It is compulsory for all students to take part in it. A link will be sent on Saturday. The students should fill their names, name of school and school code. After it they should answer the questions and submit the report. A certificate of appreciation will be given to the winners.
Rohit
Class tenth.
( For Principal ABC, Public School)
---------------------------------------------------
8. Suppose you are Ajay/ Anshika of 12th class. You want to sell your second hand books of class eleventh at nominal prices. Write a notice about it.
_______________________&&&&_________
Second Hand Books For Sale
It is informed to the students of eleventh class that I want to sell my second hand text books of Science ( Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) for eleventh class at nominal price. All my books are in excellent condition. The willing students may contact me on my following address.
Ajay/Anshika
Class Xll A (Science)
Roll no. 6
Mob.No. 98130xxxxx
______________________________________
Advertisements-:
1. Suppose you want to sell your car. Draft an advertisement for it. Sign your self as xyz of Hisar.
____________________&&&&&__________
Car for Sale
Hyundai , Avenue sv-2 car , model Dec.2019, done 6000 KM , petrol Engine, fully insured, in excellent condition, is offered for sale . The owner is going abroad. Willing parties may contact xyz, Model Town Hisar. Mob.no. 98130XXXXXX
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
2. Suppose you work as a manager in an advertising agency . Draft an attractive advertisement for sale of an Solar Geyser. Invent all necessary details.
____________________&_&&___________
Do you remain tensed due to electricity bills ?
Be relaxed, save electricity.
Use our Solar Geyser ' Relax'.
Features-
* 50 litre store tank
* Insulated tank.
* Extra sensitive solar plates.
* Chargeable with electricity in emergency.
* Nominal price.
* Five year warranty.
Contact-: 'Relax' solar Geysers, Super Market, New Delhi.
Mob. No. 98130XXXXX.
___________&&&&&________&&&&_____
Thursday, 7 May 2020
The Tiger King (by Kalki)
# Stay Home, Stay Safe#
India Fights Corona Virus.
Summary of the story
The Tiger King is a satire (व्यंग्य) on hypocrisy, (पाखंड),haughtiness (घमंड), hollowness (खोखलापन) , foolishness (मूर्खता) and ruthlessness (निर्दयता) of those in power.
The Tiger King was the Maharaja of Pratibandhapuram. When he was born, the astrologers announced that one day he will have to die. At this the king who was then an infant of only ten days old spoke, " O, prophets , everyone who is born die one day, but it would make a sense if you tell the manner of death." Everyone was amazed to hear a ten days old infant speaking. So the astrologers said that the crown prince was born in the hour of Taurus, and the bull and tiger are enemy of each other, so his death would come from a tiger. The infant prince spoke again, " Let the tigers beware!"
Years passed. The prince was brought up in English manner. When he became twenty years old, he was enthroned ( सिहासन पर बैठा दिया). He heard the prophecy ( भविष्य वाणी) that was made when he was an infant. So one day he called for the Dewan and asked him to arrange tiger hunting for him. He succeeded in his mission and killed the tiger. He put the carcass (dead body) of the tiger before the astrologers and asked," What do you say now?" The astrologers said that his highness (महाराज) might kill ninety nine tigers in same manner, still he should be beware of the hundredth tiger. " Now the Tiger King issued a proclamation that he would attend all matters after he had killed the hundredth tiger. He also announced that no one in the state was allowed to hunt tigers except the Maharaja. If anyone disobeyed the order, his property will be confiscated ( जब्त करना). But once he faced a terrible challenge when a high ranked officer desired for tiger hunt. But the king disallowed him. Now the king was in danger of losing his throne if the English officer got angry. So he called a British jeweller from Calcutta and ordered him to make fifty diamond rings. He sent all these rings to the wife of the English officer in hope that she would take two or three rings and send back the rest of rings. But she kept all the rings and sent a letter of thanks. In this way the Maharaja had to spent three lakhs of rupees , but he was happy that his throne was saved. By now the king had killed seventy tigers. Now there were no tigers left in his kingdom. So he called the Dewan and asked him to search a kingdom which had plenty of forests and a young princess . His intention was to get married to the princess of a state which boasted of a plenty of tigers. Soon the tiger King found a suitable match in a neighborhood state . Whenever the tiger King went his father-in-law's home, he killed five or six tigers . Thus he killed ninety nine tigers. Now problem arose. All the tigers in his father-in-law's kingdom also had been killed. Still the hundredth tiger was left to kill. He called the Dewan to arrange the tiger or he would lose his job . The Dewan and his wife brought an old tiger from People's Park in Madras and left it in the forest. The tiger King shot the tiger and ordered to bring it to the palace in a grand procession. When the hunters went near the tiger, they saw that it was alive. They dare not tell the king that he missed the aim. So the hunters shot and killed the tiger and brought it to the town in a grand procession. The king was happy that he had achieved his target . It was the third birthday of his son. He decided to give a tiger toy as a birthday gift to his son. From the market, he purchased a toy tiger. The toy was made by an unskilled carpenter. It had many slivers over its surface. One day he was playing with his son . One of the slivers pierced through his hand. Soon the infection spread in the hand. Three famous surgeons of the state operated upon the king . Ironically, surgeons declared," The operation is successful, the king is dead. " Thus the hundredth tiger took its revenge on the king , though it was a wooden tiger. The story is a fiction . It has an element of humour also which makes the readers rock with laughter.
(Notes from Baljit Singh)
___________________________________
Short Answer type Questions
Q1. Who is the tiger King? Why is he called tiger King?
Ans- The Maharaja of Pratibandhapuram is called the tiger King. When he was born, the astrologers announced that he would be killed by a tiger. That's why he is called the tiger King
Q2. What miracle ( चमत्कार) took place when the tiger King was born/ or What miracle is associated with the tiger king's birth?
Ans. It is said that the tiger King spoke in a clear voice when he was only ten days old .
Q3. What proclamation did the tiger King make about tiger hunting in his state?
Ans- He proclaimed that no other than the king would kill a tiger in his state. If anyone disobeyed the order his property would be confiscated.(जब्त करना)
Q4. Why did he think that his reign was in danger?
Ans- A British High ranking officer wanted to hunt a tiger or at least to have a photograph with the dead tiger. But the tiger King did not allow him. But later on he realised that the Officer might retaliate (बदला लेना) on him. Thus he feared losing his throne .
Q5. Why did the tiger King marry to the princess of a neighborhood kingdom?
Ans. The tiger King wanted to achieve his target of killing hundred tigers. But in his kingdom all tigers had been killed. He was still away from his target . So he decided to marry the princess of a neighborhood kingdom so that he might get tigers in dowry and he achieve his target.
Q6-. How did the hundredth tiger take his revenge on the king? Or
How did the tiger King die?
Ans. It was the third birthday of his son. The king wanted to give a special birthday gift to his son. He went to a toy shop. There he saw a toy tiger. The toy was made by an unskilled craftsman. It had many slivers on its surface. When the king was playing with his son, one of the slivers pierced through his hand. It caused infection in his hand. The doctors performed the operation, but the tiger King died. In this way the hundredth tiger took his revenge and the King died.
--------------++++--------+++---------------+----++++
- subscribe the site to get updates.
_____"___________'_________________________
Short Answer type Questions
Q1. Who is the tiger King? Why is he called tiger King?
Ans- The Maharaja of Pratibandhapuram is called the tiger King. When he was born, the astrologers announced that he would be killed by a tiger. That's why he is called the tiger King
Q2. What miracle ( चमत्कार) took place when the tiger King was born/ or What miracle is associated with the tiger king's birth?
Ans. It is said that the tiger King spoke in a clear voice when he was only ten days old .
Q3. What proclamation did the tiger King make about tiger hunting in his state?
Ans- He proclaimed that no other than the king would kill a tiger in his state. If anyone disobeyed the order his property would be confiscated.(जब्त करना)
Q4. Why did he think that his reign was in danger?
Ans- A British High ranking officer wanted to hunt a tiger or at least to have a photograph with the dead tiger. But the tiger King did not allow him. But later on he realised that the Officer might retaliate (बदला लेना) on him. Thus he feared losing his throne .
Q5. Why did the tiger King marry to the princess of a neighborhood kingdom?
Ans. The tiger King wanted to achieve his target of killing hundred tigers. But in his kingdom all tigers had been killed. He was still away from his target . So he decided to marry the princess of a neighborhood kingdom so that he might get tigers in dowry and he achieve his target.
Q6-. How did the hundredth tiger take his revenge on the king? Or
How did the tiger King die?
Ans. It was the third birthday of his son. The king wanted to give a special birthday gift to his son. He went to a toy shop. There he saw a toy tiger. The toy was made by an unskilled craftsman. It had many slivers on its surface. When the king was playing with his son, one of the slivers pierced through his hand. It caused infection in his hand. The doctors performed the operation, but the tiger King died. In this way the hundredth tiger took his revenge and the King died.
--------------++++--------+++---------------+----++++
- subscribe the site to get updates.
_____"___________'_________________________
Saturday, 2 May 2020
Comprehension (Indigo by Louis Fischer)
# Stay Home, Stay Safe#
Fight Corona Virus
Keep Social distancing.
---------------------------------------------------
Passage-1
He had gone to the December 1916 annual convention of the Indian National Congress party in Lucknow. There were 2301 delegates and many visitors. During the proceedings, Gandhi recounted,"A peasant came up to me looking like any other peasant in India, poor and emaciated, and said," I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran , and I want you to come to my district !" Gandhi had never heard of the place. It was in the foothills of the towering Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal .
Difficult words- convention- अधिवेशन, delegates- प्रतिनिधि मंडल, proceedings- कार्यवाही, recounted- याद किया, emaciated- very lean and thin (दुबला पतला) , peasant- किसान, towering- very large (विशालकाय)
Q1. Who does 'he' refer to in the passage?
Ans 'He' refers to Rajkumar Shukla. He was a poor peasant.
Q2. When did the annual convention of National Congress Party take place and where?
Ans It took place in 1916 in Lucknow.
Q3. How many delegates attend the convention?
Ans- 2301 delegates attended the convention.
Q4. Where did Rajkumar Shukla belong?
Ans He belonged to Champaran?
Q5. Where is Champaran situated? Had Gandhi heard of this place?
Ans Champaran is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas. Gandhi had not heard of this place.
Q6-. Find the word from the passage which has same meaning as ''very large'.
Ans - very large- towering.
----------------------------------------------------
Fight Corona Virus
Keep Social distancing.
---------------------------------------------------
Passage-1
He had gone to the December 1916 annual convention of the Indian National Congress party in Lucknow. There were 2301 delegates and many visitors. During the proceedings, Gandhi recounted,"A peasant came up to me looking like any other peasant in India, poor and emaciated, and said," I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran , and I want you to come to my district !" Gandhi had never heard of the place. It was in the foothills of the towering Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal .
Difficult words- convention- अधिवेशन, delegates- प्रतिनिधि मंडल, proceedings- कार्यवाही, recounted- याद किया, emaciated- very lean and thin (दुबला पतला) , peasant- किसान, towering- very large (विशालकाय)
Q1. Who does 'he' refer to in the passage?
Ans 'He' refers to Rajkumar Shukla. He was a poor peasant.
Q2. When did the annual convention of National Congress Party take place and where?
Ans It took place in 1916 in Lucknow.
Q3. How many delegates attend the convention?
Ans- 2301 delegates attended the convention.
Q4. Where did Rajkumar Shukla belong?
Ans He belonged to Champaran?
Q5. Where is Champaran situated? Had Gandhi heard of this place?
Ans Champaran is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas. Gandhi had not heard of this place.
Q6-. Find the word from the passage which has same meaning as ''very large'.
Ans - very large- towering.
----------------------------------------------------
Wednesday, 29 April 2020
Comprehension ( Rattrap)
#Stay home,Stay Safe#
( only medicine to fight Corona).
Read the passage and answer the questions-
1. Once upon a time there was a man who went around selling small rattraps of wire. He made them himself at odd moments, from the material he got by begging in stores or at the big farms. But even so, the business was not especially profitable, so he had to resort to both begging and petty thievery to keep body and soul together. Even so, his clothes were in rags, his cheeks were sunken, and hunger gleamed in his eyes.
Difficult words- rattrap-चूहेदानी, odd moments- spare time ( अतिरिक्त समय), Resort- support (here), Petty- small, to keep body and soul together- to sustain ( जीवित रहना), in rags- worn and torn ( फटे पुराने)' gleamed -( it is second form of gleam which means चमकना) परन्तु यहाँ इसका अर्थ है - दिखना)
Questions-
1. How did the man make rattraps?
2. When did he make rattraps?
3. Was his business profitable?
4. What did he do to sustain himself?
5. Which words or phrases in the passage indicate that he was very poor ?
Ans- 1. He made rattraps from the material he got begging in old stores or at the big farms.
2. He made them at odd moments.
3. No, his business was not pofitable.
4. He resort to begging or petty thievery to sustain himself.
5. His clothes were in rags. His cheeks were sunken. Hunger gleamed in his eyes.
_____________________________________________
Passage 2.
He had naturally been thinking of his rattraps when suddenly he was struck by the idea that the whole world about him- the whole world with its lands and seas, its cities and villages- was nothing but a big Rattrap. It had never existed for any other purpose than to set baits for people. It offered riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing, exactly as the rat trap offered cheese and pork, and as soon as anyone let himself be tempted to touch the bait, it enclosed on him, and then everything came to an end.
Difficult words- struck by the idea - idea came to his mind( उसके मन मेंं विचार आया) , bait- food used to trap a fish, rat or any other animal( किसी मछली ,चूहे या अन्य पशु को फँसाने के लिए प्रयोग किया गया भोजन), pork- meat of pig, tempt - ( प्रलोभित करना)
Questions
1.What idea came to his mind ? Who was he?
2. What are the temptations in the world that serve as a bait to trap a noble man? (संसार मेंं कौन से प्रलोभन हैं जो एक नेक इन्सान को फँसाने का काम करते हैं?)
3. What is used as a bait to tempt a fish?
4. How is this world a big Rattrap?
5. Find out from the passage the word which means' a device for catching rats'.
_____________________________________________
Ans. 1. The idea came to his mind that the whole world about him was a big Rattrap. He was a peddler.
2. All the worldly things like riches, joy, food, clothing etc. serve as a bait to trap a noble man.
3. Pork and cheese
4. Just as a rat is trapped when it touches the piece of pork or cheese, similarly a noble man is tempted by worldly things and loses his goodness. In this way, this world is a big rattrap.
5.Rattrap.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Passage 3.
The old man was just as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco. The guest was informed at once that in his days of prosperity his host had been a crofter at Ramsjo Ironworks and had worked on the land. Now that he was no longer able to do day labour, it was his cow which supported him. Yes, that bossy was extraordinary. She could give milk for the creamery every day, and last month he had received all of thirty kronor in payment.
Word meanings- Generous- kind( दयालु) , porridge. हलवा, prosperity- richness (समृद्धि), crofter- a person who has a small family farm ( छोटे फार्म का मालिक), bossy- cow, extraordinary- strange( अद्वितीय, बेमिसाल). Creamery - a place where cream is extracted from milk.( वह स्थान जहाँ दूध से क्रीम निकाला जाता है), kronor- currency of Sweden and Iceland( स्वीडन देश की मुद्रा)
Q 1. Who was the old man? How did he welcome the guest?(बूढ़ा व्यक्ति कौन था? उसने मेहमान का स्वागत कैसे किया?)
Ans. The old man was a crofter. He lived alone in a wayside cottage. He welcomed the guest with porridge and tobacco.
Q2 Who is the guest referred to in this passage.
Ans- The Rattrap seller is the guest referred to here.
Q3. Where did the host work once?
Ans He worked at Ramsjo Ironworks.
Q4. How did the crofter sustain himself financially?
Ans- The crofter had a cow. He sold the milk to a creamery . Thus he supported himself financially.
Q5. How much money did the crofter earn by selling milk last month?
Ans- Thirty Kronor.
Q6- Find the word from the passage which is similar in meaning to ''cow"?
Ans- Bossy.
_____________________________________________
Passage 4.
"Please don't think that I have such a funf home that you cannot show yourself there." He said.... "Elizabeth is dead, as you may have already heard. My boys are abroad, and there is no one at home except my eldest daughter and myself. We were just saying that it was too bad we don't have any company for Christmas. Now come along with me and help us make the Christmas food disappear a little faster." But the stranger said no, and no, and the ironmaster saw the he must give in
Word meanings- abroad - in a foreign country (विदेश में) , give in- हार मान लेना।
Q1. Who is the narrator in this passage? To whom is he speaking?
Ans The narrator is the ironmaster. He is speaking to the peddler.
Q2. What did the speaker say about his wife and children?
Ans- He said that his wife had already died and his children lived in a foreign country.
Q3. Was the narrator alone in his house?
Ans - No the narrator was not alone. His eldest daughter lived with him.
Q4. What invitation did the narrator offer to the stranger? Who was the stranger?
Ans- The narrator invited the stranger to stay with him over the Christmas Eve and have food. The stranger was a peddler. He sold rattraps.
Q5. Did the stranger accept the narrator's invitation?
Ans- The stranger did not accept the invitation.
Q6-. Find out the word from the passage which means "to surrender" or accept the defeat"
Ans- Give in.
____________________________________________
( only medicine to fight Corona).
Read the passage and answer the questions-
1. Once upon a time there was a man who went around selling small rattraps of wire. He made them himself at odd moments, from the material he got by begging in stores or at the big farms. But even so, the business was not especially profitable, so he had to resort to both begging and petty thievery to keep body and soul together. Even so, his clothes were in rags, his cheeks were sunken, and hunger gleamed in his eyes.
Difficult words- rattrap-चूहेदानी, odd moments- spare time ( अतिरिक्त समय), Resort- support (here), Petty- small, to keep body and soul together- to sustain ( जीवित रहना), in rags- worn and torn ( फटे पुराने)' gleamed -( it is second form of gleam which means चमकना) परन्तु यहाँ इसका अर्थ है - दिखना)
Questions-
1. How did the man make rattraps?
2. When did he make rattraps?
3. Was his business profitable?
4. What did he do to sustain himself?
5. Which words or phrases in the passage indicate that he was very poor ?
Ans- 1. He made rattraps from the material he got begging in old stores or at the big farms.
2. He made them at odd moments.
3. No, his business was not pofitable.
4. He resort to begging or petty thievery to sustain himself.
5. His clothes were in rags. His cheeks were sunken. Hunger gleamed in his eyes.
_____________________________________________
Passage 2.
He had naturally been thinking of his rattraps when suddenly he was struck by the idea that the whole world about him- the whole world with its lands and seas, its cities and villages- was nothing but a big Rattrap. It had never existed for any other purpose than to set baits for people. It offered riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing, exactly as the rat trap offered cheese and pork, and as soon as anyone let himself be tempted to touch the bait, it enclosed on him, and then everything came to an end.
Difficult words- struck by the idea - idea came to his mind( उसके मन मेंं विचार आया) , bait- food used to trap a fish, rat or any other animal( किसी मछली ,चूहे या अन्य पशु को फँसाने के लिए प्रयोग किया गया भोजन), pork- meat of pig, tempt - ( प्रलोभित करना)
Questions
1.What idea came to his mind ? Who was he?
2. What are the temptations in the world that serve as a bait to trap a noble man? (संसार मेंं कौन से प्रलोभन हैं जो एक नेक इन्सान को फँसाने का काम करते हैं?)
3. What is used as a bait to tempt a fish?
4. How is this world a big Rattrap?
5. Find out from the passage the word which means' a device for catching rats'.
_____________________________________________
Ans. 1. The idea came to his mind that the whole world about him was a big Rattrap. He was a peddler.
2. All the worldly things like riches, joy, food, clothing etc. serve as a bait to trap a noble man.
3. Pork and cheese
4. Just as a rat is trapped when it touches the piece of pork or cheese, similarly a noble man is tempted by worldly things and loses his goodness. In this way, this world is a big rattrap.
5.Rattrap.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Passage 3.
The old man was just as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco. The guest was informed at once that in his days of prosperity his host had been a crofter at Ramsjo Ironworks and had worked on the land. Now that he was no longer able to do day labour, it was his cow which supported him. Yes, that bossy was extraordinary. She could give milk for the creamery every day, and last month he had received all of thirty kronor in payment.
Word meanings- Generous- kind( दयालु) , porridge. हलवा, prosperity- richness (समृद्धि), crofter- a person who has a small family farm ( छोटे फार्म का मालिक), bossy- cow, extraordinary- strange( अद्वितीय, बेमिसाल). Creamery - a place where cream is extracted from milk.( वह स्थान जहाँ दूध से क्रीम निकाला जाता है), kronor- currency of Sweden and Iceland( स्वीडन देश की मुद्रा)
Q 1. Who was the old man? How did he welcome the guest?(बूढ़ा व्यक्ति कौन था? उसने मेहमान का स्वागत कैसे किया?)
Ans. The old man was a crofter. He lived alone in a wayside cottage. He welcomed the guest with porridge and tobacco.
Q2 Who is the guest referred to in this passage.
Ans- The Rattrap seller is the guest referred to here.
Q3. Where did the host work once?
Ans He worked at Ramsjo Ironworks.
Q4. How did the crofter sustain himself financially?
Ans- The crofter had a cow. He sold the milk to a creamery . Thus he supported himself financially.
Q5. How much money did the crofter earn by selling milk last month?
Ans- Thirty Kronor.
Q6- Find the word from the passage which is similar in meaning to ''cow"?
Ans- Bossy.
_____________________________________________
Passage 4.
"Please don't think that I have such a funf home that you cannot show yourself there." He said.... "Elizabeth is dead, as you may have already heard. My boys are abroad, and there is no one at home except my eldest daughter and myself. We were just saying that it was too bad we don't have any company for Christmas. Now come along with me and help us make the Christmas food disappear a little faster." But the stranger said no, and no, and the ironmaster saw the he must give in
Word meanings- abroad - in a foreign country (विदेश में) , give in- हार मान लेना।
Q1. Who is the narrator in this passage? To whom is he speaking?
Ans The narrator is the ironmaster. He is speaking to the peddler.
Q2. What did the speaker say about his wife and children?
Ans- He said that his wife had already died and his children lived in a foreign country.
Q3. Was the narrator alone in his house?
Ans - No the narrator was not alone. His eldest daughter lived with him.
Q4. What invitation did the narrator offer to the stranger? Who was the stranger?
Ans- The narrator invited the stranger to stay with him over the Christmas Eve and have food. The stranger was a peddler. He sold rattraps.
Q5. Did the stranger accept the narrator's invitation?
Ans- The stranger did not accept the invitation.
Q6-. Find out the word from the passage which means "to surrender" or accept the defeat"
Ans- Give in.
____________________________________________
Sunday, 26 April 2020
The Pronoun ( level classes 6-8) by Manju
Students today we shall learn about ' The Pronoun). Pronoun को हिन्दी में सर्वनाम कहते हैं।
What is a pronoun? Describe its types.
Ans- The Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun in a sentence. ( सर्वनाम वह शब्द है जो वाक्य में संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
Types-
1. Personal pronouns
2. Interrogative pronouns
3. Relative pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns
5. Distributive pronouns
6. Indefinite pronouns
7. Reflexive pronouns
8. Reciprocal pronouns
9. Emphatic pronouns.
---------+---+----------------------
1.Personal Pronouns-
Let's see the following sentences-
a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) Rohit reads in sixth class.
c) Rohit's mother is a teacher.
d) I like Rohit.
उपरोक्त वाक्यों में Rohit( जो कि संज्ञा है) का बार बार प्रयोग हुआ है। इस repetition ( बार बार प्रयोग) को रोकने के लिए हम pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं क्योंकि बार बार एक ही शब्द का प्रयोग अच्छा नहीं लगता।
उपरोक्त वाक्योंं में Rohit के स्थान पर pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं जैसे-
a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) He reads in sixth class.
c) His mother is a teacher.
d) I like him.
उपरोक्त वाक्यों मेंं रोहित एक personal noun है। इसके स्थान पर He , his या him का प्रयोग किया गया है। अतः personal Noun के स्थान पर जो pronoun use किए जाते हैं, उन्हें personal pronoun कहते हैं।
Personal pronouns तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।
1- First person pronouns- I, We
2- Second person pronouns- You
3- Third person pronouns- He, she, it, they.
Forms of personal pronouns-
1.Subjective 2. Possessive 3. Objective
------------------------------------------------------------
I. My, mine Me
We our, ours. Us
You. Your, yours . You
He His. Him
She Her, hers Her
They Their, theirs Them
It its It
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Functions of personal pronouns.
1. Subjective case is used as ''subject"
2. Possessive case is used to indicate the possession or relation.
3. Objective case is used as " object".
Exercise for students-1
Fill in the blanks using personal pronouns
1. She is .....sister.(me, my)
2. Ravi is going to Delhi to see ...... brother.(he,his,him)
3. I don't like......( they, their,them)
4. .....father is a wise man.
5. I don't need.... ( you,your,yours)
6. It is......(I, my,me)
7. My father brought some books. He gave.....to me. (It ,they,them,its)
Exercise no. 2.
Fill in the blanks using appropriate personal pronoun-
1. ......gave .....a book.
2. What is.......name?
3. ------ is a book.
4. Do ....like me?
5. ....brother is a player. She likes......
6. ........have done your best.
7. She visited ....mother yesterday.
8. Will.......like to have this book?
9. Why are...... asking us for mercy?
10 Where is....brother today?
-------------------------------------------------------
2. Interrogative pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)
Pronoun used for asking questions.
Example- who, whose,whom,which,that
Note-1. who,whose,whom का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों के लिए, what का प्रयोग वस्तुओं के लिए तथा which का प्रयोग व्यक्ति या वस्तु दोनों के लिए किया जाता है।
2. Which का प्रयोग selection के लिए किया जाता है।
3. Who का प्रयोग subject के रूप मेंं।
4. Whose का प्रयोग possessive रूप में।
5. Whom का प्रयोग object के रूप में किया जाता है।
Example-
Who teaches you English?
Which is your book?
Whom do you like?
Whose book is this?
What is your father?
Exercise -2 for Students-
Fill in the blanks using appropriate interrogative Pronoun
1. ....is your father?
2. ........are your books?
3. .........do you like?
4. .....one is your gift?
5. ......is your bag?
6. ....book is this?
7. ..... brother is he?
8. .......shirt is costly?
9. .......did you meet?
10. ........friends were those?
---------------------------------------------------
3. Relative pronouns (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम)- ये pronoun दो वाक्यों को जोड़ता है तथा अपने से पहले आने वाली noun से सम्बन्ध व्यक्त करता है।
Example- Who, whose,whom,that, which
Hint- for persons - we use who, whose, whom.
For things- we use which, that
I know the boy who broke the window.
I met the boy whose father is an M.P.
He gave me the book which he purchased yesterday.
Exercise for students-
Fill in the blanks using appropriate Relative Pronouns.(who, whom, whose, which, that)
1. He did not sell the car........... he purchased last year.
2. I know the man.........mother died in the accident.
3. It is she ..... is at fault.
4. Eat all..... is served to you.
5. Fine all..... are the wrong-doers.
6. Please show the present.....I liked yesterday.
-----------+--------------------------------------
4. Demonstrative Pronouns:-
What is a pronoun? Describe its types.
Ans- The Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun in a sentence. ( सर्वनाम वह शब्द है जो वाक्य में संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
Types-
1. Personal pronouns
2. Interrogative pronouns
3. Relative pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns
5. Distributive pronouns
6. Indefinite pronouns
7. Reflexive pronouns
8. Reciprocal pronouns
9. Emphatic pronouns.
---------+---+----------------------
1.Personal Pronouns-
Let's see the following sentences-
a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) Rohit reads in sixth class.
c) Rohit's mother is a teacher.
d) I like Rohit.
उपरोक्त वाक्यों में Rohit( जो कि संज्ञा है) का बार बार प्रयोग हुआ है। इस repetition ( बार बार प्रयोग) को रोकने के लिए हम pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं क्योंकि बार बार एक ही शब्द का प्रयोग अच्छा नहीं लगता।
उपरोक्त वाक्योंं में Rohit के स्थान पर pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं जैसे-
a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) He reads in sixth class.
c) His mother is a teacher.
d) I like him.
उपरोक्त वाक्यों मेंं रोहित एक personal noun है। इसके स्थान पर He , his या him का प्रयोग किया गया है। अतः personal Noun के स्थान पर जो pronoun use किए जाते हैं, उन्हें personal pronoun कहते हैं।
Personal pronouns तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।
1- First person pronouns- I, We
2- Second person pronouns- You
3- Third person pronouns- He, she, it, they.
Forms of personal pronouns-
1.Subjective 2. Possessive 3. Objective
------------------------------------------------------------
I. My, mine Me
We our, ours. Us
You. Your, yours . You
He His. Him
She Her, hers Her
They Their, theirs Them
It its It
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Functions of personal pronouns.
1. Subjective case is used as ''subject"
2. Possessive case is used to indicate the possession or relation.
3. Objective case is used as " object".
Exercise for students-1
Fill in the blanks using personal pronouns
1. She is .....sister.(me, my)
2. Ravi is going to Delhi to see ...... brother.(he,his,him)
3. I don't like......( they, their,them)
4. .....father is a wise man.
5. I don't need.... ( you,your,yours)
6. It is......(I, my,me)
7. My father brought some books. He gave.....to me. (It ,they,them,its)
Exercise no. 2.
Fill in the blanks using appropriate personal pronoun-
1. ......gave .....a book.
2. What is.......name?
3. ------ is a book.
4. Do ....like me?
5. ....brother is a player. She likes......
6. ........have done your best.
7. She visited ....mother yesterday.
8. Will.......like to have this book?
9. Why are...... asking us for mercy?
10 Where is....brother today?
-------------------------------------------------------
2. Interrogative pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)
Pronoun used for asking questions.
Example- who, whose,whom,which,that
Note-1. who,whose,whom का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों के लिए, what का प्रयोग वस्तुओं के लिए तथा which का प्रयोग व्यक्ति या वस्तु दोनों के लिए किया जाता है।
2. Which का प्रयोग selection के लिए किया जाता है।
3. Who का प्रयोग subject के रूप मेंं।
4. Whose का प्रयोग possessive रूप में।
5. Whom का प्रयोग object के रूप में किया जाता है।
Example-
Who teaches you English?
Which is your book?
Whom do you like?
Whose book is this?
What is your father?
Exercise -2 for Students-
Fill in the blanks using appropriate interrogative Pronoun
1. ....is your father?
2. ........are your books?
3. .........do you like?
4. .....one is your gift?
5. ......is your bag?
6. ....book is this?
7. ..... brother is he?
8. .......shirt is costly?
9. .......did you meet?
10. ........friends were those?
---------------------------------------------------
3. Relative pronouns (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम)- ये pronoun दो वाक्यों को जोड़ता है तथा अपने से पहले आने वाली noun से सम्बन्ध व्यक्त करता है।
Example- Who, whose,whom,that, which
Hint- for persons - we use who, whose, whom.
For things- we use which, that
I know the boy who broke the window.
I met the boy whose father is an M.P.
He gave me the book which he purchased yesterday.
Exercise for students-
Fill in the blanks using appropriate Relative Pronouns.(who, whom, whose, which, that)
1. He did not sell the car........... he purchased last year.
2. I know the man.........mother died in the accident.
3. It is she ..... is at fault.
4. Eat all..... is served to you.
5. Fine all..... are the wrong-doers.
6. Please show the present.....I liked yesterday.
-----------+--------------------------------------
4. Demonstrative Pronouns:-
Tuesday, 21 April 2020
Modals (Should, Must, Ought to) slight difference by Manju
#Stay at Home, Stay Safe
There is very minute difference in use of these modals.
Should /Ought/Must
1. Should is used to give advice ( सलाह देने के लिए) or to express Moral duty (नैतिक कर्तव्य) व्यक्त करने के लिए -: जैसे-:
We should help the poor. (हमें गरीब की सहायता करनी चाहिए।) ये हमारी नैतिक जिम्मेदारी है ।
We should respect the elders .
इसी प्रकार से Ought to का प्रयोग भी Advice or moral duty को Express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
We can say-
We ought to help the poor.
अतः should and ought to are used in nearly the same sense.
But when we use negative, we prefer shouldn't to' ought not to'
जैसे हम कहते हैं- You shouldn't play in the street.( तुम्हें गली मेंं नहीं खेलना चाहिए।)
We can't say-
You ought not to play in the street.
परन्तु इस वाक्य में हम must not use कर सकते हैं। परन्तु तब इसका अर्थ थोड़ा भिन्न हो जाता है। If we say-You must not play in the street . ( It means the speaker is very serious and action can be taken). यहाँ speaker जोरदार ढंग से मनाही कर रहा है और पालना न करने पर सख्त कार्यवाही की जा सकती है।
So use of these modals express different attitudes.
Emphatic advice / compulsion जोरदार सलाह या विवशता को व्यक्त करने के लिए must का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे-:
You must follow the rules of road.
We must respect the National Flag.
We must act according to the guidelines issued by the government.
2. ऐसे वाक्यों में should का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है जिनमें lest आया हो। जैसे-:
Walk fast lest you should miss the train. (तेज चलो कहीं ऐसा ना हो कि तुम्हारी गाड़ी छूट जाए।)
Work hard lest you should fail.
3. कभी कभी यदि के रूप में भी should का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे,
Should you go to market, bring some medicine for me.
(यदि आप बाजार में जाओ तो मेरे लिए दवाई लाना।)
उपरोक्त वाक्य में should के स्थान पर if का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
4. अनुमान के आधार पर निष्कर्ष निकालने के लिए-:
The fan is running. Someone should be there.(पंखा चल रहा है, वहाँ कोई होना चाहिए।)
इस वाक्य मेंं must का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। लेकिन तब certaintity बढ़ जाती है। तब अर्थ यह होता है कि वक्ता को पक्का यकीन है कि वहां कोई न कोई अवश्य है। लेकिन जरूरी नहीं है कि पंखे के चलने का सम्बन्ध किसी के होने से हो। हो सकता है कि कोई गल्ती से पंखा चलता हुआ छौड़ गया हो या किसी और कारण से। अतः इस वाक्य में should का प्रयोग ज्यादा सही है।
परन्तु यदि तथ्य के आधार पर निष्कर्ष है तो Must is used . जैसे -:
The crime branch is in search of the Molana. He must have committed a grave crime .( अपराध शाखा मौलाना की तलाश मेंं है, उसने कोई गंभीर अपराध किया होगा।)
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Exercise for practice-
Use should/ought to/must
1. We...... love the neighbours.
2. Children---- respect the elders.
3. Parliament..... make strict rules against the criminals.
4. We ...... honour the Tricolour.
5. People ....... stay at home to defeat the pandemic.
6. Students..... not waste their time.
7. Ozon layer..... be protected to minimise green house effect.
8. You..........to keep distancing in order to be safe from corona virus.
9. The UNO .... punish China for concealing the pandemic from the world.
10 ........you go to Delhi, see the Lotus temple.
11. The troops are moving to border. The war.............. have stated between the two countries.
12. There is dead silence inside the house. The family........ have gone in a marriage.
13. You........ not sit idle.
14. Road rules.........be followed.
15. You........to bring up your children nicely.
There is very minute difference in use of these modals.
Should /Ought/Must
1. Should is used to give advice ( सलाह देने के लिए) or to express Moral duty (नैतिक कर्तव्य) व्यक्त करने के लिए -: जैसे-:
We should help the poor. (हमें गरीब की सहायता करनी चाहिए।) ये हमारी नैतिक जिम्मेदारी है ।
We should respect the elders .
इसी प्रकार से Ought to का प्रयोग भी Advice or moral duty को Express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
We can say-
We ought to help the poor.
अतः should and ought to are used in nearly the same sense.
But when we use negative, we prefer shouldn't to' ought not to'
जैसे हम कहते हैं- You shouldn't play in the street.( तुम्हें गली मेंं नहीं खेलना चाहिए।)
We can't say-
You ought not to play in the street.
परन्तु इस वाक्य में हम must not use कर सकते हैं। परन्तु तब इसका अर्थ थोड़ा भिन्न हो जाता है। If we say-You must not play in the street . ( It means the speaker is very serious and action can be taken). यहाँ speaker जोरदार ढंग से मनाही कर रहा है और पालना न करने पर सख्त कार्यवाही की जा सकती है।
So use of these modals express different attitudes.
Emphatic advice / compulsion जोरदार सलाह या विवशता को व्यक्त करने के लिए must का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे-:
You must follow the rules of road.
We must respect the National Flag.
We must act according to the guidelines issued by the government.
2. ऐसे वाक्यों में should का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है जिनमें lest आया हो। जैसे-:
Walk fast lest you should miss the train. (तेज चलो कहीं ऐसा ना हो कि तुम्हारी गाड़ी छूट जाए।)
Work hard lest you should fail.
3. कभी कभी यदि के रूप में भी should का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे,
Should you go to market, bring some medicine for me.
(यदि आप बाजार में जाओ तो मेरे लिए दवाई लाना।)
उपरोक्त वाक्य में should के स्थान पर if का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
4. अनुमान के आधार पर निष्कर्ष निकालने के लिए-:
The fan is running. Someone should be there.(पंखा चल रहा है, वहाँ कोई होना चाहिए।)
इस वाक्य मेंं must का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। लेकिन तब certaintity बढ़ जाती है। तब अर्थ यह होता है कि वक्ता को पक्का यकीन है कि वहां कोई न कोई अवश्य है। लेकिन जरूरी नहीं है कि पंखे के चलने का सम्बन्ध किसी के होने से हो। हो सकता है कि कोई गल्ती से पंखा चलता हुआ छौड़ गया हो या किसी और कारण से। अतः इस वाक्य में should का प्रयोग ज्यादा सही है।
परन्तु यदि तथ्य के आधार पर निष्कर्ष है तो Must is used . जैसे -:
The crime branch is in search of the Molana. He must have committed a grave crime .( अपराध शाखा मौलाना की तलाश मेंं है, उसने कोई गंभीर अपराध किया होगा।)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++
Thank you for visiting the site. Write your opinion in the comment box .
Exercise for practice-
Use should/ought to/must
1. We...... love the neighbours.
2. Children---- respect the elders.
3. Parliament..... make strict rules against the criminals.
4. We ...... honour the Tricolour.
5. People ....... stay at home to defeat the pandemic.
6. Students..... not waste their time.
7. Ozon layer..... be protected to minimise green house effect.
8. You..........to keep distancing in order to be safe from corona virus.
9. The UNO .... punish China for concealing the pandemic from the world.
10 ........you go to Delhi, see the Lotus temple.
11. The troops are moving to border. The war.............. have stated between the two countries.
12. There is dead silence inside the house. The family........ have gone in a marriage.
13. You........ not sit idle.
14. Road rules.........be followed.
15. You........to bring up your children nicely.
Wednesday, 15 April 2020
Modals (may, might) by Manju.
In my last post you read about can, and could. Today I will discuss with you to use May, Might.
(Subscribe the site if you have not subscribed yet. It is safe for you. If you subscribe you will get updates for free. It is for the welfare of the students.)by Manju.
Use of May:-
1. Possibility (सम्भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए ) जैसे-
--- It may rain today . (आज वर्षा हो सकती है)
-- The train may arrive anytime. ( गाडी किसी समय आ सकती है।)
2. Wish ( कामना करने के लिए) जैसे-
- May you live long! (भगवान करे तुम्हारी आयु लम्बी हो)
3. Permission (अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए)-
- May I come in , sir?
- Yes, you may.
Use of Might-
1. Least possibility ( बहुत कम सम्भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) जैसे-:
- He is seriously ill, doctors might save him.( वह बहुत बीमार है, हो सकता है डाक्टर उसे बचा लें ( लेकिन कम सम्भावना है).
2. Past of may (may का past form) जैसे:-
He prayed that he might live long .
He said that it might rain .
3. Assumption ( अनुमान लगाने के लिए)
जैसे-
The fun is running, someone might be inside the room .
4. In conditional sentences-
If you broke the rules, you .... be arrested.
Exercise -: Fill in the blanks using 'may' or ''might'
1. It is cloudy , it..... rain anytime.
2. He...... win this year if God willing.
3. He prayed that God...... help me.
4. There were loud noises from the nearby house, something bad ..have happened.
5. You ...win scholarship if you get atleast 75% marks.
6. The corona virus ......cause a big loss of life if govt did not take strict steps.
7. ...I come in, sir? Yes, you......
8. Misfortune... come anytime.
9. It .....downpour this year
10. He said that sensex ..... fall due to lockdown.
******************************"*""*****
Write in your note book and solve the exercise.
अपने उत्तर कल मिला ना।
आशा है आपको यह पोस्ट समझ आई होगी। प्रतिदिन आप को English से सम्बंधित updates मिलते रहेंं। अतः subscribe के बटन को दबाइये।
धन्यवाद!
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(Subscribe the site if you have not subscribed yet. It is safe for you. If you subscribe you will get updates for free. It is for the welfare of the students.)by Manju.
Use of May:-
1. Possibility (सम्भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए ) जैसे-
--- It may rain today . (आज वर्षा हो सकती है)
-- The train may arrive anytime. ( गाडी किसी समय आ सकती है।)
2. Wish ( कामना करने के लिए) जैसे-
- May you live long! (भगवान करे तुम्हारी आयु लम्बी हो)
3. Permission (अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए)-
- May I come in , sir?
- Yes, you may.
Use of Might-
1. Least possibility ( बहुत कम सम्भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) जैसे-:
- He is seriously ill, doctors might save him.( वह बहुत बीमार है, हो सकता है डाक्टर उसे बचा लें ( लेकिन कम सम्भावना है).
2. Past of may (may का past form) जैसे:-
He prayed that he might live long .
He said that it might rain .
3. Assumption ( अनुमान लगाने के लिए)
जैसे-
The fun is running, someone might be inside the room .
4. In conditional sentences-
If you broke the rules, you .... be arrested.
Exercise -: Fill in the blanks using 'may' or ''might'
1. It is cloudy , it..... rain anytime.
2. He...... win this year if God willing.
3. He prayed that God...... help me.
4. There were loud noises from the nearby house, something bad ..have happened.
5. You ...win scholarship if you get atleast 75% marks.
6. The corona virus ......cause a big loss of life if govt did not take strict steps.
7. ...I come in, sir? Yes, you......
8. Misfortune... come anytime.
9. It .....downpour this year
10. He said that sensex ..... fall due to lockdown.
******************************"*""*****
Write in your note book and solve the exercise.
अपने उत्तर कल मिला ना।
आशा है आपको यह पोस्ट समझ आई होगी। प्रतिदिन आप को English से सम्बंधित updates मिलते रहेंं। अतः subscribe के बटन को दबाइये।
धन्यवाद!
***************************************
Free service for the students all over the world. Use it and be benefited.
***************************************
Monday, 13 April 2020
Modals (By Manju) classes 9-10 level
Shall, Should, Will, Would, May, Might, Can, Could, Must, Ought to, Used to, Dare, Need
इन्हें modal auxiliary कहते हैं।
Modals के बारे मे कुछ विशेष बातें-
1. इन्हें मुख्य क्रियाओं के रूप में प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
2. ये कर्ता के वचन तथा लिंंग के अनुसार नही बदलते।
3. Modal से पहले to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
4. इनके साथ ING का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
5. इनके साथ हमेशा verb की पहली फोर्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Use of modals-
(1.) Can- a)योग्य प्रकट करने के लिए-
Example-
1. I can drive a car .
2. He can read without spectacles.
3. I can not speak French but I can speak English.
b) Possibility (सम्भावना)
Example- Accidents can happen to anyone.
c) Permission (इजाजत देने के लिए)
Example-You can come with me.
(2.)Could
It is used in following cases-
१. Can का past जैसे- He said that he could win the prize.
२. Past ability भूतकाल की किसी योग्यता को प्रकट करने के लिए। I could swim hours when I was young. अर्थात , जब मैं युवा था तो घण्टों तैर सकता था।(लेकिन अब नहीं तैर सकता)
३.Humble request( अर्थात विनयपूर्वक प्रार्थना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) हालांकि ऐसे वाक्यों मेंं would का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।
जैसे- Could you tell me the time? (क्या आप मुझे समय बताने का कष्ट करेंगे?)
४. Could can be used in conditional sentences.
Example
a) He could get good marks if he worked hard.(यदि वह परिश्रम करता तो अधिक अंक प्राप्त कर सकता था)
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks using can/could
a) My sister ........... read without spectacles.
b) I................ run ten kilometres in one hour when I was young.
c) Anyone ..........make mistakes.
d) I am ill, so I ......... go to school.
e) I was ill, so I ..........go to school.
f) ........you lend me some money?
g) You........... not go until you finish your work.
h) A lion .........not eat grass.
I) My late grandfather.........read without spectacles.
j) My teacher told me that I......get scholarship.
****************""""**************"*
Complete the blanks and show to your teacher .
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अब उत्तर मिलाओ-
a.can b.could, c. can d)can e). Could f) could g) can, h) can i) could j) could.
इन्हें modal auxiliary कहते हैं।
Modals के बारे मे कुछ विशेष बातें-
1. इन्हें मुख्य क्रियाओं के रूप में प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
2. ये कर्ता के वचन तथा लिंंग के अनुसार नही बदलते।
3. Modal से पहले to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
4. इनके साथ ING का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
5. इनके साथ हमेशा verb की पहली फोर्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Use of modals-
(1.) Can- a)योग्य प्रकट करने के लिए-
Example-
1. I can drive a car .
2. He can read without spectacles.
3. I can not speak French but I can speak English.
b) Possibility (सम्भावना)
Example- Accidents can happen to anyone.
c) Permission (इजाजत देने के लिए)
Example-You can come with me.
(2.)Could
It is used in following cases-
१. Can का past जैसे- He said that he could win the prize.
२. Past ability भूतकाल की किसी योग्यता को प्रकट करने के लिए। I could swim hours when I was young. अर्थात , जब मैं युवा था तो घण्टों तैर सकता था।(लेकिन अब नहीं तैर सकता)
३.Humble request( अर्थात विनयपूर्वक प्रार्थना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) हालांकि ऐसे वाक्यों मेंं would का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।
जैसे- Could you tell me the time? (क्या आप मुझे समय बताने का कष्ट करेंगे?)
४. Could can be used in conditional sentences.
Example
a) He could get good marks if he worked hard.(यदि वह परिश्रम करता तो अधिक अंक प्राप्त कर सकता था)
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks using can/could
a) My sister ........... read without spectacles.
b) I................ run ten kilometres in one hour when I was young.
c) Anyone ..........make mistakes.
d) I am ill, so I ......... go to school.
e) I was ill, so I ..........go to school.
f) ........you lend me some money?
g) You........... not go until you finish your work.
h) A lion .........not eat grass.
I) My late grandfather.........read without spectacles.
j) My teacher told me that I......get scholarship.
****************""""**************"*
Complete the blanks and show to your teacher .
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अब उत्तर मिलाओ-
a.can b.could, c. can d)can e). Could f) could g) can, h) can i) could j) could.
Wednesday, 26 February 2020
The Third Level ( lesson for 12th)
#Stay Home ,Stay Safe#
5/5/2020
The Third Level by
Jack Finney
Explanation by Baljit Singh
Summary-:
The Third Level explains how modern man is affected by complexity of life, tension, worry and war. He has no leisure time for himself which affects his mental condition. In rat race of accumulating more and more money man has become mechanical which tells upon his physical as well as his mental health. This is what happens to Charley.
Charley is a 31 year old business man who travels hundreds of miles daily from his home to office. He travels by train. He takes train from the Grand Central Station which has two levels. But one day Charlie finds a third level also . He tells his psychiatric friend Sam about the third level. His friend tells him that there are only two levels and the third level is nothing but a waking dream wish fulfilment . It was due to insecurity, fear, war and worry. Sam advises Charley not to look for the third level again. But Charley insists that he has visited the third level. He says that one day he was in a hurry to reach home earlier . So he decided to take the sub way. There he saw new corridors which led him to a 1890 type of station where everything was old type, the locomotives, the ticket windows, spittoons, lamps and even currency. He wanted to purchase two tickets for Galesburg. He had with him bills of modern currency. The booking clerk did not accept them . So Charley came back and got exchanged some old style bills to purchase tickets for Galesburg. But he did not find the third level again . His wife got worried about him and advised him not to look for the third level again. One day an amazing thing happened to him. He was looking among his oldest first-day covers. There he found one that had been mailed to his grandfather 's address at Galesburg. The post mark showed July 18, 1894. The paper inside it was not blank. It had a note from his psychiatric friend, Sam. Sam had written to Charlie that he also saw the third level. He saw that the people were dancing and playing music. It was very pleasant there. Why Sam wrote to Charlie is very mysterious and has many interpretations.
__________________________________&__________SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. What does the third level refer to? Or
Do you think the third level was a medium of escape for Charley?
Ans- The third level exists only in Charley's mind or in his imagination. It is a medium of escape from reality. In fact, the modern man has become so busy in earning wealth that he has no time for himself. It creates tension, worry and war. In order to escape from reality, modern man resorts to fantasy. This is what happens to Charley. He travels hundreds of miles daily in train from The Grand Central in New York which has two levels. But Charley wants to reach home soon. So he imagines the third level also. His psychiatrist friend Sam tells him that it was his waking dream wish fulfilment.
Q2. What do you mean by a waking dream wish fulfillment? Or
How did Charley'' psychiatric friend Sam react when he told him about the third level at the Grand Central Station?
Ans- Waking dream wish fulfillment means day dreaming or fulfillment of a wish in dreams or escape from reality. Sam told Charley that modern world is full of fear, worry and war. So everyone wants to escape from reality.
Q3. Who was Sam Weisner?
Ans. He was Charley's psychiatric friend.
Q4. What do you mean by the first day cover?
Ans. Usually when a new stamp is issued, the stamp collectors buy some of them and fix them on the envelopes mailed to themselves. The post mark on them proves the date. Such covers are called as first day covers.
Q5- What did Sam write in his letter? Why did he post it to Charley's grandfather's address in Galesburg ?
Ans- Sam wrote to Charley that he was right. He himself had also visited the third level . There everything was fine. People were happy. He heard that someone was playing on flute. Sam had posted it to the address of Charley's grandfather for two reasons. Firstly, he wanted to convince Charley that third level really existed. Secondly, as a psychiatrist he wanted to create the situation where Charley finds himself normal.
Q6-. What unusual things did Charley see at the third level? (Very Important)
Ans-: Charley saw many unusual things at the third level. He saw old type of locomotives and ticket windows. He saw open gas lights and big brass spittoons on the floor. Even the currency was old style as was used in 1890.
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Wednesday, 12 February 2020
THE ARTICLES. (Distance Learning at Home)
#Stay home,Stay safe# Fight Corona Virus
Follow Lockdown Rules.
Updated 2/5/2020
Usually we divide articles in two groups-
1.Indefinite Article- A, An are indefinite articles. They are used before singular countable nouns.
Example- a book, a dog, an apple, a university, an interesting story etc.
A' is used before those singular nouns which start from the 'CONSONANT SOUND'
AN' is used before those singular nouns which start from the' VOWEL SOUND'
Examples-
--A----- one-eyed boy
--A------- fat boy.
----A-----unique story.
-----An---umbrella
---A----European
----A-----University
----A-----unanimous vote.
----An-----honest boy
We do not use indefinite article in following cases-
1) before plural nouns- A boys - A is wrong
ii) before material nouns- air ,water, wool, iron, gold, bronze, wood, silver, etc.
---x--- Air is essential for life. Here article is not used before air. Similarly-
---x--- Water is very valuable.
--x-- Gold is a precious metal.
But if material noun is used in some specific sense we use article-'the' as explained in latter sentences.
The Gold used in this ring is very special.
वह सोना जो इस अंगुठी मेंं प्रयोग किया गया है वह बहुत स्पेशल है।( हम विशेष की बात कर रहे हैं।)
Similarly
We say
Water is essential for life. Water से पहले artical is not used क्योंकि सामान्य बात हो रही है।but if we say- इस जग मेंं रखा पानी बहुत ठंडा है।
The water in this jug is very chilled. Here we talk of a particular water . So 'the' is used before it.
iii) lunch, breakfast, dinner आदि से पहले कोई article नहीं लगाया जाता। परन्तु विशेष भोजन होतो article the लगाया जाता है।
उदाहरण-i) I usually do not take ---x----- lunch.
ii) We arranged --x--- dinner for the guest.
iii). They came to me when I was taking--x-- breakfast.
IV) खेल के नाम से पहले भी कोई आर्टिकल नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे- ---x--- Football is an expensive game.
But if we use match with football, then 'a'
Article is used.e.g.
I) I saw a football match.
5 बीमारियों के नाम से पहले Artical नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे-
--- Cancer is a fatal disease.
He suffers from --- Malaria.
6. College, school, hospital आदि के नाम से पहले कोई artical नहीं लगाया जाता यदि इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया गया हो। for example-
He goes to ...x....school daily. He is a student.
Yesterday I didn't go to ----x ...college.
The patient was taken to ..x...hospital
But if we use them in particular sense or for a particular purpose, we use Artical' the' before them. For example-
I went to the hospital to see my friend who was admitted there.
7. Difference between the English and English
The English are hardworking people.
English is an easy language.
2. Definite Article - 'The ' is called definite article. It is used before those nouns which are specified or unique or which have been mentioned earlier.
Example- The Earth moves round the sun.
The following things carry article the before them.
1. Name of Newspapers:-
The Tribune is published from Chandigarh.
Similarly , The Times of India, The Hindu, The Economic Times, The National Herald.
2. Name of Magazines:-
The Review, The Debonair, The Pratiyogita Darpan, The Competition Sucess.
3. The names of Rivers
The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Satluz
4 The names of Mountains:-
The Himalayas, The Vindhyachal
5 The names of Oceans-:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean.
6. Before the names of heavenly bodies
Example- the sun, the moon, the earth etc
7 दिशाओं के नाम से पहले यदि preposition हो- जैसे:-
In the east, in the north etc. लेकिन यदि preposition न हो तो article नहीं लगाया जाता।
जैसे:- East or West home is the best.
8. Before the names of trains, ships, airlines
Example- The Frontier Mail, The Satabdi Express, The Indian Airlines, The Taj Express, The Vikrant,
9 Before the names of dams
Example - The Bhakta Dam, The Sardar Sarovar Dam
10 Before the names of Islands , deserts and canals
Example.,- The Andaman Nicobar Islands, the Sahara Desert, the Thar Desert, the Panama Canal, The Nehru Canal
11. Religious books
The Gita, the Ramayan, The Bible
12 Nations- The English अंग्रेज लोग
The French फ्रांसीसी लोग। यहाँ अन्तर जानिए :- यदि article न लगाया जाए तो अर्थ बदल जाता है:-
I like English , it means I like English language.
If I say , I like the English. It means I like the English people.
13. Historical places-
The Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, The Golden Temple
14 Political Parties.
The Bhartiya Janta Party, The Congress, The Lok Dal
15 Historical events, battles etc
The battle of Plassey, the battle of Panipat, the battle of Waterloo
16. In such phrases
In the morning, in the evening , in the afternoon.
But we say -: at noon, at night, at day break etc
17 Superlative degree:- the best, the strongest, the most intelligent .
Sometimes we use 'the' before comparative degrees of adjective -:
Example:- The higher you go, the cooler it becomes.जितना ऊपर जाएंगे, उतनी ही ठंड बढेगी।
The more, the merrier.
The older he grew, the worse he became. In these sentences we see that there is comparison between two states of degrees.
18. All व both के बाद तथा whole, same से पहले - जैसे,-
All the boys are present in the class.
The whole class was present.
19. Cardinal numbers
The first, the second, the third ...
20. प्राय व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा से पहले article नहीं लगता, लेकिन पूरे कुल को बताने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग करते हैं। The Sharmas, the Bhakers, the Guptas The Nehrus etc.
Note- sometimes, article 'a' is used before a proper noun . Example
A Rajeev was asking for you. इस वाक्य का अर्थ यह है कि (एक राजीव नाम का व्यक्ति आपको पूछ रहा था।)
यहाँ स्पष्ट है कि वक्ता राजीव को नहीं जानता।
कई बार proper nounको common noun बनाने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:-
Kalidas is called the Shakespeare of India .
Exercise 1 for students.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate article where necessary-:
a) It is not .... easy task
b) My mother gave me .... ten rupee note
c) I bought two...…. inkpots.
d) ... Gita is holy book of .... Hindus.
e). ... Gita is ... intelligent girl .
f) .... Indian Express is very popular these days.
g) My friend Sita is .... very honest girl
h) Rahul is not .... honest boy .
I) He goes to ...... University for higher studies.
j) This is ....... unique place
k) .....higher you go,...... cooler it becomes.
l) I don't know ...... boy who came to the office yesterday.
m) .... Sun sets in.,...West.
n) They played on .....bank of ....Yamuna.
o) He came to me at..... noon .
p) .....Diwali is a festival of ... Hindus.
q) I met ....... European boy .
r) ......girl in red is my sister .
s) ......older he grows,........wiser he becomes.
t) ......rich should help......poor.
Ans 1an,b)a,c)x,d)the, the,e)X, an f), the g),a,h) an, I)a, j)a k) the, the l) the m) the, the, n) the,X o) X p) the, the q) a r) The,s) The, the t) The, the.
Exercise 2
1 I go to......school daily .I read in 12th class .
2. My father sometimes visits.....school to see the Principal.
3. He gave me...... five rupee note
4. It was .... Unique story.
5. He purchased ... new house.
6 . She is .... intelligent girl.
7. I go to.... temple daily.
8. Sugar is sold forty rupees...kilo
9. My father brought ... basket of....eggs
10. I saw ..... European girl.
Note . Write the answers and show your teacher.
Follow Lockdown Rules.
Updated 2/5/2020
Usually we divide articles in two groups-
1.Indefinite Article- A, An are indefinite articles. They are used before singular countable nouns.
Example- a book, a dog, an apple, a university, an interesting story etc.
A' is used before those singular nouns which start from the 'CONSONANT SOUND'
AN' is used before those singular nouns which start from the' VOWEL SOUND'
Examples-
--A----- one-eyed boy
--A------- fat boy.
----A-----unique story.
-----An---umbrella
---A----European
----A-----University
----A-----unanimous vote.
----An-----honest boy
We do not use indefinite article in following cases-
1) before plural nouns- A boys - A is wrong
ii) before material nouns- air ,water, wool, iron, gold, bronze, wood, silver, etc.
---x--- Air is essential for life. Here article is not used before air. Similarly-
---x--- Water is very valuable.
--x-- Gold is a precious metal.
But if material noun is used in some specific sense we use article-'the' as explained in latter sentences.
The Gold used in this ring is very special.
वह सोना जो इस अंगुठी मेंं प्रयोग किया गया है वह बहुत स्पेशल है।( हम विशेष की बात कर रहे हैं।)
Similarly
We say
Water is essential for life. Water से पहले artical is not used क्योंकि सामान्य बात हो रही है।but if we say- इस जग मेंं रखा पानी बहुत ठंडा है।
The water in this jug is very chilled. Here we talk of a particular water . So 'the' is used before it.
iii) lunch, breakfast, dinner आदि से पहले कोई article नहीं लगाया जाता। परन्तु विशेष भोजन होतो article the लगाया जाता है।
उदाहरण-i) I usually do not take ---x----- lunch.
ii) We arranged --x--- dinner for the guest.
iii). They came to me when I was taking--x-- breakfast.
IV) खेल के नाम से पहले भी कोई आर्टिकल नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे- ---x--- Football is an expensive game.
But if we use match with football, then 'a'
Article is used.e.g.
I) I saw a football match.
5 बीमारियों के नाम से पहले Artical नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे-
--- Cancer is a fatal disease.
He suffers from --- Malaria.
6. College, school, hospital आदि के नाम से पहले कोई artical नहीं लगाया जाता यदि इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया गया हो। for example-
He goes to ...x....school daily. He is a student.
Yesterday I didn't go to ----x ...college.
The patient was taken to ..x...hospital
But if we use them in particular sense or for a particular purpose, we use Artical' the' before them. For example-
I went to the hospital to see my friend who was admitted there.
7. Difference between the English and English
The English are hardworking people.
English is an easy language.
2. Definite Article - 'The ' is called definite article. It is used before those nouns which are specified or unique or which have been mentioned earlier.
Example- The Earth moves round the sun.
The following things carry article the before them.
1. Name of Newspapers:-
The Tribune is published from Chandigarh.
Similarly , The Times of India, The Hindu, The Economic Times, The National Herald.
2. Name of Magazines:-
The Review, The Debonair, The Pratiyogita Darpan, The Competition Sucess.
3. The names of Rivers
The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Satluz
4 The names of Mountains:-
The Himalayas, The Vindhyachal
5 The names of Oceans-:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean.
6. Before the names of heavenly bodies
Example- the sun, the moon, the earth etc
7 दिशाओं के नाम से पहले यदि preposition हो- जैसे:-
In the east, in the north etc. लेकिन यदि preposition न हो तो article नहीं लगाया जाता।
जैसे:- East or West home is the best.
8. Before the names of trains, ships, airlines
Example- The Frontier Mail, The Satabdi Express, The Indian Airlines, The Taj Express, The Vikrant,
9 Before the names of dams
Example - The Bhakta Dam, The Sardar Sarovar Dam
10 Before the names of Islands , deserts and canals
Example.,- The Andaman Nicobar Islands, the Sahara Desert, the Thar Desert, the Panama Canal, The Nehru Canal
11. Religious books
The Gita, the Ramayan, The Bible
12 Nations- The English अंग्रेज लोग
The French फ्रांसीसी लोग। यहाँ अन्तर जानिए :- यदि article न लगाया जाए तो अर्थ बदल जाता है:-
I like English , it means I like English language.
If I say , I like the English. It means I like the English people.
13. Historical places-
The Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, The Golden Temple
14 Political Parties.
The Bhartiya Janta Party, The Congress, The Lok Dal
15 Historical events, battles etc
The battle of Plassey, the battle of Panipat, the battle of Waterloo
16. In such phrases
In the morning, in the evening , in the afternoon.
But we say -: at noon, at night, at day break etc
17 Superlative degree:- the best, the strongest, the most intelligent .
Sometimes we use 'the' before comparative degrees of adjective -:
Example:- The higher you go, the cooler it becomes.जितना ऊपर जाएंगे, उतनी ही ठंड बढेगी।
The more, the merrier.
The older he grew, the worse he became. In these sentences we see that there is comparison between two states of degrees.
18. All व both के बाद तथा whole, same से पहले - जैसे,-
All the boys are present in the class.
The whole class was present.
19. Cardinal numbers
The first, the second, the third ...
20. प्राय व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा से पहले article नहीं लगता, लेकिन पूरे कुल को बताने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग करते हैं। The Sharmas, the Bhakers, the Guptas The Nehrus etc.
Note- sometimes, article 'a' is used before a proper noun . Example
A Rajeev was asking for you. इस वाक्य का अर्थ यह है कि (एक राजीव नाम का व्यक्ति आपको पूछ रहा था।)
यहाँ स्पष्ट है कि वक्ता राजीव को नहीं जानता।
कई बार proper nounको common noun बनाने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:-
Kalidas is called the Shakespeare of India .
Exercise 1 for students.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate article where necessary-:
a) It is not .... easy task
b) My mother gave me .... ten rupee note
c) I bought two...…. inkpots.
d) ... Gita is holy book of .... Hindus.
e). ... Gita is ... intelligent girl .
f) .... Indian Express is very popular these days.
g) My friend Sita is .... very honest girl
h) Rahul is not .... honest boy .
I) He goes to ...... University for higher studies.
j) This is ....... unique place
k) .....higher you go,...... cooler it becomes.
l) I don't know ...... boy who came to the office yesterday.
m) .... Sun sets in.,...West.
n) They played on .....bank of ....Yamuna.
o) He came to me at..... noon .
p) .....Diwali is a festival of ... Hindus.
q) I met ....... European boy .
r) ......girl in red is my sister .
s) ......older he grows,........wiser he becomes.
t) ......rich should help......poor.
Ans 1an,b)a,c)x,d)the, the,e)X, an f), the g),a,h) an, I)a, j)a k) the, the l) the m) the, the, n) the,X o) X p) the, the q) a r) The,s) The, the t) The, the.
Exercise 2
1 I go to......school daily .I read in 12th class .
2. My father sometimes visits.....school to see the Principal.
3. He gave me...... five rupee note
4. It was .... Unique story.
5. He purchased ... new house.
6 . She is .... intelligent girl.
7. I go to.... temple daily.
8. Sugar is sold forty rupees...kilo
9. My father brought ... basket of....eggs
10. I saw ..... European girl.
Note . Write the answers and show your teacher.
Wednesday, 9 October 2019
Should Wizard Hit Mommy
Q1. What moral issue does the lesson raise?
Or
How does Jo want the story to end and why? Or
An adult's perspective is different from that of a child. Why?
And - The story "Should Wizard Hit Mommy" raises a deep moral issue. It explains the two perspectives (नजरिया) of our thinking - one is the view of the adults which is realistic(वास्तविक वादी) and rational (तर्कसंगत), the second is of the children which is idealistic (आदर्श वादी) and imaginary. In the story Jo's father embodies (प्रतिरूप) the first view while she represents the second one. She is not happy with the ending of the story because she has now started asking questions and she doesn't take everything for granted. She believes that the wizard had done nothing wrong by providing smell of roses to Skunk. He had acted according to Roger Skunk's will (इच्छा) and he should have been rewarded for this. But
contrary (विपरीत)to this, he is reprimanded (प्रताड़ित करना) and hit by Jo's Mommy. Now Jo is not an infant and she rationalises (तर्क करती है) with her father and wants the story end other way round in which the wizard should have hit Mommy.
Q - What impression do you form of Jack as a father?
Ans- Jack is a loving father. He loves his little daughter very much. He daily tells her a story in the evening and for Saturday naps . He invents daily a new story with some variations.(भिन्नता). The character of his story is always a small creature "Roger" with some problems. The animal goes to the wise old owl for solutions. The owl then sends the animal to the wizard. The wizard makes magic spell with his magic wand (छड़ी) and the problem is solved. The purpose of Jack's story is only to amuse his daughter . As a story teller Jack is successful. He creates interest in his story. His daughter keeps waiting his home coming. But sometimes he can't justify with the ending of his story. When Jo tries to ask questions about the ending of the story, he can't satisfy her. Like all elders , he wants the youngers to follow their elders with respect. That's why he doesn't want Jo to form a negative view of her Mommy. He says that Mommy is always right, however he can't give a solid reason. In brief, we can say that Jack is a loving father, a devoted husband and a good story teller. We praise him.
___________________________________________
Short And Type Questions-:
Q1. Who is Jo? How does she respond to her father's story telling?
And. Jo is a little girl. She is now 4 years old and has started going to a nursery school. She started listening stories from her father when she was two years old.In the beginning she agreed whatever her father told her. But now she has become very inquisitive. She asks wise questions to make her point clear. For example she would ask ," Are magic spells real?" Or "Is God really in sky? " She doesn't agree with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should have hit Mommy back on her head. Jack does not like her questioning. He wants that she should listen whatever he tells and go to sleep. But she doesn't take everything for granted. ( परन्तु वह बिना तर्क हर बात को स्वीकार नहीं करती). She has developed a different perspective.
Q2.Why does Jack insist that it was the wizard that was hit and not the mother?
And -: Jack tries to convey the message that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. They should never ask questions about what their elders do or say. That's why he insists that mommy was right when she hit the wizard. However, he fails to justify his statement.
Q3. What makes Jack feel caught in an ugly middle position?
And. Jack tells Jo a story in which Roger Skunk's Mommy hits the wizard without any reason. Jo thinks that the wizard should have hit Mommy back. But Jack tries to convey that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. He insists that Mommy was right when she hit the wizard but he fails to justify his statement.Thus he feels caught in an ugly middle position.
Q4:- Why did Roger Skunk go in search of the wizard? Or What was Roger Skunk's problem? Where did he go to solve the problem?
And. Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals run away from him. The old wise owl told him that the wizard could help him. So he went to the wizard to solve his problem.
Q5 How did the wizard help Roger Skunk?
And:- The wizard took a magic wand and chanted a spell. The whole of the room filled with the smell of roses. Roger Skunk ,too, had the smell of roses. His bad smell had gone. He was happy.
Q6-: How did Roger Skunk's mother react when he had smell of roses?
Ans-: Roger Skunk's mother was not happy when her Skunk got the smell of roses. She liked her Skunk in his original smell. She got angry and went to the wizard and hit him on his head. She asked the wizard to revert his spell . The wizard said,"OK" And Roger Skunk smelled very bad again.
Q7:- What is your stance regarding the two endings of the story?
Ans-: I agree with Jo's views. The wizard should have hit Mommy back on her back. He had acted according to the will of the Skunk. He had done nothing wrong. Why should Mommy hit him.
Or
How does Jo want the story to end and why? Or
An adult's perspective is different from that of a child. Why?
And - The story "Should Wizard Hit Mommy" raises a deep moral issue. It explains the two perspectives (नजरिया) of our thinking - one is the view of the adults which is realistic(वास्तविक वादी) and rational (तर्कसंगत), the second is of the children which is idealistic (आदर्श वादी) and imaginary. In the story Jo's father embodies (प्रतिरूप) the first view while she represents the second one. She is not happy with the ending of the story because she has now started asking questions and she doesn't take everything for granted. She believes that the wizard had done nothing wrong by providing smell of roses to Skunk. He had acted according to Roger Skunk's will (इच्छा) and he should have been rewarded for this. But
contrary (विपरीत)to this, he is reprimanded (प्रताड़ित करना) and hit by Jo's Mommy. Now Jo is not an infant and she rationalises (तर्क करती है) with her father and wants the story end other way round in which the wizard should have hit Mommy.
Q - What impression do you form of Jack as a father?
Ans- Jack is a loving father. He loves his little daughter very much. He daily tells her a story in the evening and for Saturday naps . He invents daily a new story with some variations.(भिन्नता). The character of his story is always a small creature "Roger" with some problems. The animal goes to the wise old owl for solutions. The owl then sends the animal to the wizard. The wizard makes magic spell with his magic wand (छड़ी) and the problem is solved. The purpose of Jack's story is only to amuse his daughter . As a story teller Jack is successful. He creates interest in his story. His daughter keeps waiting his home coming. But sometimes he can't justify with the ending of his story. When Jo tries to ask questions about the ending of the story, he can't satisfy her. Like all elders , he wants the youngers to follow their elders with respect. That's why he doesn't want Jo to form a negative view of her Mommy. He says that Mommy is always right, however he can't give a solid reason. In brief, we can say that Jack is a loving father, a devoted husband and a good story teller. We praise him.
___________________________________________
Short And Type Questions-:
Q1. Who is Jo? How does she respond to her father's story telling?
And. Jo is a little girl. She is now 4 years old and has started going to a nursery school. She started listening stories from her father when she was two years old.In the beginning she agreed whatever her father told her. But now she has become very inquisitive. She asks wise questions to make her point clear. For example she would ask ," Are magic spells real?" Or "Is God really in sky? " She doesn't agree with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should have hit Mommy back on her head. Jack does not like her questioning. He wants that she should listen whatever he tells and go to sleep. But she doesn't take everything for granted. ( परन्तु वह बिना तर्क हर बात को स्वीकार नहीं करती). She has developed a different perspective.
Q2.Why does Jack insist that it was the wizard that was hit and not the mother?
And -: Jack tries to convey the message that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. They should never ask questions about what their elders do or say. That's why he insists that mommy was right when she hit the wizard. However, he fails to justify his statement.
Q3. What makes Jack feel caught in an ugly middle position?
And. Jack tells Jo a story in which Roger Skunk's Mommy hits the wizard without any reason. Jo thinks that the wizard should have hit Mommy back. But Jack tries to convey that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. He insists that Mommy was right when she hit the wizard but he fails to justify his statement.Thus he feels caught in an ugly middle position.
Q4:- Why did Roger Skunk go in search of the wizard? Or What was Roger Skunk's problem? Where did he go to solve the problem?
And. Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals run away from him. The old wise owl told him that the wizard could help him. So he went to the wizard to solve his problem.
Q5 How did the wizard help Roger Skunk?
And:- The wizard took a magic wand and chanted a spell. The whole of the room filled with the smell of roses. Roger Skunk ,too, had the smell of roses. His bad smell had gone. He was happy.
Q6-: How did Roger Skunk's mother react when he had smell of roses?
Ans-: Roger Skunk's mother was not happy when her Skunk got the smell of roses. She liked her Skunk in his original smell. She got angry and went to the wizard and hit him on his head. She asked the wizard to revert his spell . The wizard said,"OK" And Roger Skunk smelled very bad again.
Q7:- What is your stance regarding the two endings of the story?
Ans-: I agree with Jo's views. The wizard should have hit Mommy back on her back. He had acted according to the will of the Skunk. He had done nothing wrong. Why should Mommy hit him.
Some other important questions
1. Why did Roger Skunk go to see old owl?
Ans-: Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals ran away from him when he went to play with them. So he went to the old wise owl to seek his advice in this regard.
Q2. What advise do the old wise owl give to the Skunk?
Ans-: The old wise owl advised the Skunk to see the wizard to solve his problem
Q3. Who was Jack? Where did he work?
Ans-: Jack was little Jo's father . He worked at Boston. He used to tell Jo a story every day. So she eagerly waited him.
Q4 .What had Jack been doing for two years?
Ans-: For two years , Jack had been telling Jo a story of a little animal, Roger fish or Roger squirrel or Roger Skunk. He told nearly the same story with little variations.
Q5. Was Skunk's mother happy when he got the smell of roses? Why?
Ans-: The Skunk's mother was not happy when he got the smell of roses. She liked his skunk in his original shape. So she went to the wizard and hit him hard on his head. She asked him to make his Skunk smell as he was earlier.
Q6-. Was the Skunk happy when he got the smell of roses? How do you know?
Ans.- Yes , the Skunk was very happy when he got the smell of roses. He went to home jumping with joy. His joy knew no bounds when all his friends played with him.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Thursday, 19 September 2019
Journey to the End of the Earth (Tishani Doshi)
#Stay Home, Stay Safe"
Updated on 11/5/2020
Q1. Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's past, present and future. Comment on this.
Ans- The writer has rightly said that Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's present, past and future. There are many reasons to believe this. First and the foremost reason is that Antarctica is unaffected by human population and their activities, so it is in its purest state which is favourable to study its past. Secondly, there may be some clues about past in the Antarctica region hidden under the folds of ice. Thirdly, one can wonder how the sheets of thick ice suddenly break and collapse indicating the dangers of global warming and its impact on environment. More over, the atmosphere at the Antarctica is serene and peaceful which indicates the primitive state of our Earth.
Q2. "Take care of small things and the big things will take care of themselves". Comment on the appropriateness of this statement in context with the Antarctica region.
Ans-: This statement is very apt in context with the Antarctica region. In this region, there are single celled plants called as phytoplanktons. These plants are source of food for the marine animals. They synthesize food using carbon-dioxide, water and sun energy. If the growth of these plants is affected , the whole ecological balance in Antarctica region is spoiled. So in order to maintain ecological balance in Antarctica region, we must take care of small things i.e. phytoplanktons. Secondly, we are using fossil fuels recklessly. It causes global warming. So we should burn fossil fuels judiciously. By doing so we can aver the danger of global warming.
Q3. The world's geological history is trapped in Antarctica. How is the study of this region useful to us?
Ans- Refer to Ans. Of question 1.
Q4. What are Geoff Green's reason for including high school students in the "Students on Ice" expedition (अभियान)?
Ans. Geoff Green believes that high school students are important and responsible members of our future generation. They are our future policy makers. They have ability to absorb, learn and act. By their visit to Antarctica, they can understand the real danger of global warming. In future when they grow up, they will take important steps to protect the environment and control population explosion. For these reasons, Geoff Green included the students of high school in "Students on Ice" programme.
_____________________________________________
Updated on 11/5/2020
Q1. Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's past, present and future. Comment on this.
Ans- The writer has rightly said that Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's present, past and future. There are many reasons to believe this. First and the foremost reason is that Antarctica is unaffected by human population and their activities, so it is in its purest state which is favourable to study its past. Secondly, there may be some clues about past in the Antarctica region hidden under the folds of ice. Thirdly, one can wonder how the sheets of thick ice suddenly break and collapse indicating the dangers of global warming and its impact on environment. More over, the atmosphere at the Antarctica is serene and peaceful which indicates the primitive state of our Earth.
Q2. "Take care of small things and the big things will take care of themselves". Comment on the appropriateness of this statement in context with the Antarctica region.
Ans-: This statement is very apt in context with the Antarctica region. In this region, there are single celled plants called as phytoplanktons. These plants are source of food for the marine animals. They synthesize food using carbon-dioxide, water and sun energy. If the growth of these plants is affected , the whole ecological balance in Antarctica region is spoiled. So in order to maintain ecological balance in Antarctica region, we must take care of small things i.e. phytoplanktons. Secondly, we are using fossil fuels recklessly. It causes global warming. So we should burn fossil fuels judiciously. By doing so we can aver the danger of global warming.
Q3. The world's geological history is trapped in Antarctica. How is the study of this region useful to us?
Ans- Refer to Ans. Of question 1.
Q4. What are Geoff Green's reason for including high school students in the "Students on Ice" expedition (अभियान)?
Ans. Geoff Green believes that high school students are important and responsible members of our future generation. They are our future policy makers. They have ability to absorb, learn and act. By their visit to Antarctica, they can understand the real danger of global warming. In future when they grow up, they will take important steps to protect the environment and control population explosion. For these reasons, Geoff Green included the students of high school in "Students on Ice" programme.
_____________________________________________
Monday, 24 December 2018
Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Summary of the poem:-
( Analysis by Baljit Singh)
It is a small but beautiful poem written by Adrienne Rich. It is a symbolic poem conveying the message of male dominance . The poem has three stanzas only. The first one explains the tigers which aunt Jennifer has embroidered on the screen. The tigers are walking in the green world with a chivalric pace. They are not afraid of the men sitting beneath the trees. They look like a bright topaz.
The second stanza explains the influence of uncle's dominant personality on aunt Jennifer. She is suppressed and submissive. She has a great burden of household chorus. She is too weak to pull the needle through her wool. Her hands flutter due to weakness . Her wedding band seems massive for her weak hands.
The third stanza contrasts life and art. It suggests that life is short-lived whereas art is immortal. The tigers which she has made on the panel will go on prancing even after her death . They won't lose their beauty,grace and dignity in coming years but she will lay buried in a grave unknown and forgotten.
_____________________________________________
( Analysis by Baljit Singh)
It is a small but beautiful poem written by Adrienne Rich. It is a symbolic poem conveying the message of male dominance . The poem has three stanzas only. The first one explains the tigers which aunt Jennifer has embroidered on the screen. The tigers are walking in the green world with a chivalric pace. They are not afraid of the men sitting beneath the trees. They look like a bright topaz.
The second stanza explains the influence of uncle's dominant personality on aunt Jennifer. She is suppressed and submissive. She has a great burden of household chorus. She is too weak to pull the needle through her wool. Her hands flutter due to weakness . Her wedding band seems massive for her weak hands.
The third stanza contrasts life and art. It suggests that life is short-lived whereas art is immortal. The tigers which she has made on the panel will go on prancing even after her death . They won't lose their beauty,grace and dignity in coming years but she will lay buried in a grave unknown and forgotten.
_____________________________________________
Active and Passive voice (by simple method) high level students
Hello Students! You are waiting for my new post. You have demanded for a post on "Change Voice".
Students, remember that before starting to learn voice, you must have knowledge of tense. At least, you should have knowledge of structure of the tense.
Lets take the verb write and transform it in different tenses and their passive voice.
Some important facts about the rules for changing voice:-
1. Always use V3 (3rd form of verb) in passive voice.
2. Active voice में कर्ता (subject)प्रधान होता है जबकि passive voice में कर्म( object) प्रधान होता है।
3. Passive voice में by का प्रयोग किया जाता है। परंतु यदि क्रिया करनेवाला agent (subject) understood हो तो by तथा subject का प्रयोग नहींं किया जाता।
जैसे,
People speak English all over the world.
लोग सारे संसार मेंं अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं।
English is spoken all over the world.(by people) (लोगों द्वारा)
सारे संसार में अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
यहां 'by people' लगाना आवश्यक नहीं है।
जल्लाद ने अपराधी को फाँसी दी।
(The executioner hanged the culprit)
The culprit was hanged (by the executioner)
अपराधी को फाँसी दी गई।
हमें पता है फाँसी किसने दी ,इसलिए by the executioner लगाना आवश्यक नही है।
Similarly ,there are endless sentences in which the subject is understood and it may be omitted in passive voice.
Now tense wise exercises of voice.
1 Present Indefinite Tense
Simple sentences:-
Sub + v1(s,es)+obj. (Active Voice)
Obj.(as sub.) + is/am/are+ v3 + by+ sub.(as obj)
Examples
1. Ravi writes a story.
A story is written by Ravi.
2. She plays football in the ground.
Football is played by her in the ground.
3. Hindus worship goddess Lakshmi.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped by the Hindus.
Negative sentences:-
He does not write a letter. (A.V.)
A letter is not written by him.(P.V.)
They do not answer your question.(A.V.)
Your question is not answered by them.(P.V.
Interrogative Sentences
Do you like coffee?(A.V.)
Is coffee liked by you?(P.V.)
What do you want?(A.V.)
What is wanted by you?(P.V.)
Whom do you like?(A.V.)
Who is liked by you?(P.V.)
How do farmers grow crop?(A.V.)
How is crop grown by farmers?(P.V.)
Exercise for students
Change voice of the following sentences:-
1. You sing a song.
2. I do my work on time.
3. She does not hate children.
4. Some dirty people throw poly bags in streets.
5. Do you dislike the traitors?
6. Do crickets make homes?
7. When does he write a novel?
8. How do you know me?
Note- कुछ verbs के साथ by का प्रयोग न करके किसी अन्य preposition का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे
Know to, interested in, indulged in , contain in, consist in etc.
9. Your story does not interest me.
(I am not interested in your story)
10. This jug contains milk.
___________________________________________
Present continuous tense:-
Simple sentences,
Sub+ is/am/are+v1+ing+obj.
Obj.+is/am/are+being+v3 + by +sub.(as obj.)
Examples
I am writing a blog.
A blog is being written by me.
They are following me.
I am being followed by them.
Negative sentences,
I am not inviting them on my birthday party.
They are not being invited by me on my birthday party.
The crowd is not shouting slogans on the office gate.
Slogans are not being shouted on the office gate by the crowd
Rich people are not investing money in insurance policies.
Money is not being invested in insurance policies by rich people.
Interrogative sentences:-
Structure:-
Is/am/are+sub+v1 +ing+obj?(a.v.)
Is/am/are +obj.+being+v3 +by+sub?(p.v.)
Wh+is/am/are+sub.+v1+ing+obj?(A.V.)
Wh+is/am/are+obj+being+v3 +by + sub(p.v.)
Are you making good money in business?(a.v.)
Is good money being made in business by you?(p.v.)
What are you doing at this time?
What is being done by you at this time?
How much profit is your company making these days?
How much profit is being made by your company these days?
Exercise
1. They are wasting their time.
2. Sampat is plowing his fields.
3. Rajan is not using pesticides in his crops.
4. Farmers are not selling grain this year.
5. Are students making a noise?
6. Am I not helping you now?
7. How are some farmers using organic compost in their fields?
8. Which books are you purchasing from the book fair?
9.Why are they not liking his posts?
10. How is he making money by selling drugs?
_____________________________________________
Present perfect tense
Sub+has/have+v3 +obj. (Active voice)
Obj.+has/have+been+v3 +by+sub.(p.v.)
Examples
Simple sentences:-
He has written a letter.(active voice)
A letter has been written by him.(passive )
Negative sentences:-
He has not completed his work.
His work has not been completed by him.
Interrogative sentences:-
Have you finished that work?
Has that work been finished by you?
What has he brought for you?
What has been brought by him for you?
Why has the government brought population control bill in the parliament?
Why has population control bill been brought in parliament by the government?
Now read the following sentences and change voice
1. The elections have been declared.
(चुनाव घोषित किए जा चुके हैं।)
2. Bio-metric attendance system has been implemented in government offices.
सरकारी कार्यालयो मेंं बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली लागू की जा चुकी है।
Both of the above sentences are written in passive form. चुनाव की घोषणा या बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली किसने लागू की यह स्पष्ट है। इन्हें active voice मे बदलना है।
In both sentences 'by the government' subject understood है।
1 The government has declared the elections.
2. The government has implemented bio-metric attendance system in government offices.
Exercise for students:-
Change voice:-
1. I have visited Tajmahal many a time.
2. The farmers have sowed seeds by now.
3. Tickets have been checked.
4. All friends have been invited in the party.
5. Has he taken coaching for competitive exam?
6. How much money has he spent for treatment of his wife?
7. Culprits have been arrested within a week.
8. My facebook account has been hacked.
9. Someone has created a fake account.
10. Have you improved your writing skills?
____________________________________________
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
STRUCTURE:-
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Sub+v2+obj. ( Active)
Obj.+was/were+v3 +by+sub. (Passive)
He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him.
Negative sentences:-
Sub+ did not+v1+ obj.( Active)
Obj+was/were not+v3 + by +sub.(passive)
He did not write a letter.( Active)
A letter was not written by him.(passive)
Interrogative sentences:-
Did+sub+v1 +obj ?.(active)
Was/were+obj.+ V3 +by+ sub.? (Passive)
Did you write a letter?
Was a letter written by you?(passive)
Some more examples with answers.
1. He made a mistake.
A mistake was made by him.
2 Arun caught the thief.
The thief was caught by Arun.
3.He did not follow rules.
Rule were not followed by him.
4. Did he win the match?
Was the match won by him?
Some passive structures in which subject is understood. So it is not used.
The tickets were checked.(टिकटें चैक की गई।)
यह passie form है। इसका active voice बनाने के लिए understood sub का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
The T.T.E. checked the tickets.
Or
The conductor checked the tickets. Or
जब कर्ता स्पष्ट न हो तो subject ,'someone' लगाया जाता है।
Someone checked the tickets.
Exercise for students
1. He obeyed the teachers.
2. My cousin purchased a car.
3. She invited me on her birthday.
4. I left school last year.
5. You didn't tell the stories.
6. Ashoka founded a big empire.
7. Arun didn't find a good job.
8 Did he obey his parents?
9. Why did you punish the kids?
10. What did you have in breakfast?
11. Who checked these copies?
12. Tickets were distributed to able candidates.
13. Wrong-doers were punished .
14. A lecture was delivered on women's rights by the students of our school.
15. We watered the saplings daily in summer season.
__________________________________________
Past Continuous Tense
Students, remember that before starting to learn voice, you must have knowledge of tense. At least, you should have knowledge of structure of the tense.
Lets take the verb write and transform it in different tenses and their passive voice.
Some important facts about the rules for changing voice:-
1. Always use V3 (3rd form of verb) in passive voice.
2. Active voice में कर्ता (subject)प्रधान होता है जबकि passive voice में कर्म( object) प्रधान होता है।
3. Passive voice में by का प्रयोग किया जाता है। परंतु यदि क्रिया करनेवाला agent (subject) understood हो तो by तथा subject का प्रयोग नहींं किया जाता।
जैसे,
People speak English all over the world.
लोग सारे संसार मेंं अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं।
English is spoken all over the world.(by people) (लोगों द्वारा)
सारे संसार में अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
यहां 'by people' लगाना आवश्यक नहीं है।
जल्लाद ने अपराधी को फाँसी दी।
(The executioner hanged the culprit)
The culprit was hanged (by the executioner)
अपराधी को फाँसी दी गई।
हमें पता है फाँसी किसने दी ,इसलिए by the executioner लगाना आवश्यक नही है।
Similarly ,there are endless sentences in which the subject is understood and it may be omitted in passive voice.
Now tense wise exercises of voice.
1 Present Indefinite Tense
Simple sentences:-
Sub + v1(s,es)+obj. (Active Voice)
Obj.(as sub.) + is/am/are+ v3 + by+ sub.(as obj)
Examples
1. Ravi writes a story.
A story is written by Ravi.
2. She plays football in the ground.
Football is played by her in the ground.
3. Hindus worship goddess Lakshmi.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped by the Hindus.
Negative sentences:-
He does not write a letter. (A.V.)
A letter is not written by him.(P.V.)
They do not answer your question.(A.V.)
Your question is not answered by them.(P.V.
Interrogative Sentences
Do you like coffee?(A.V.)
Is coffee liked by you?(P.V.)
What do you want?(A.V.)
What is wanted by you?(P.V.)
Whom do you like?(A.V.)
Who is liked by you?(P.V.)
How do farmers grow crop?(A.V.)
How is crop grown by farmers?(P.V.)
Exercise for students
Change voice of the following sentences:-
1. You sing a song.
2. I do my work on time.
3. She does not hate children.
4. Some dirty people throw poly bags in streets.
5. Do you dislike the traitors?
6. Do crickets make homes?
7. When does he write a novel?
8. How do you know me?
Note- कुछ verbs के साथ by का प्रयोग न करके किसी अन्य preposition का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे
Know to, interested in, indulged in , contain in, consist in etc.
9. Your story does not interest me.
(I am not interested in your story)
10. This jug contains milk.
___________________________________________
Present continuous tense:-
Simple sentences,
Sub+ is/am/are+v1+ing+obj.
Obj.+is/am/are+being+v3 + by +sub.(as obj.)
Examples
I am writing a blog.
A blog is being written by me.
They are following me.
I am being followed by them.
Negative sentences,
I am not inviting them on my birthday party.
They are not being invited by me on my birthday party.
The crowd is not shouting slogans on the office gate.
Slogans are not being shouted on the office gate by the crowd
Rich people are not investing money in insurance policies.
Money is not being invested in insurance policies by rich people.
Interrogative sentences:-
Structure:-
Is/am/are+sub+v1 +ing+obj?(a.v.)
Is/am/are +obj.+being+v3 +by+sub?(p.v.)
Wh+is/am/are+sub.+v1+ing+obj?(A.V.)
Wh+is/am/are+obj+being+v3 +by + sub(p.v.)
Are you making good money in business?(a.v.)
Is good money being made in business by you?(p.v.)
What are you doing at this time?
What is being done by you at this time?
How much profit is your company making these days?
How much profit is being made by your company these days?
Exercise
1. They are wasting their time.
2. Sampat is plowing his fields.
3. Rajan is not using pesticides in his crops.
4. Farmers are not selling grain this year.
5. Are students making a noise?
6. Am I not helping you now?
7. How are some farmers using organic compost in their fields?
8. Which books are you purchasing from the book fair?
9.Why are they not liking his posts?
10. How is he making money by selling drugs?
_____________________________________________
Present perfect tense
Sub+has/have+v3 +obj. (Active voice)
Obj.+has/have+been+v3 +by+sub.(p.v.)
Examples
Simple sentences:-
He has written a letter.(active voice)
A letter has been written by him.(passive )
Negative sentences:-
He has not completed his work.
His work has not been completed by him.
Interrogative sentences:-
Have you finished that work?
Has that work been finished by you?
What has he brought for you?
What has been brought by him for you?
Why has the government brought population control bill in the parliament?
Why has population control bill been brought in parliament by the government?
Now read the following sentences and change voice
1. The elections have been declared.
(चुनाव घोषित किए जा चुके हैं।)
2. Bio-metric attendance system has been implemented in government offices.
सरकारी कार्यालयो मेंं बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली लागू की जा चुकी है।
Both of the above sentences are written in passive form. चुनाव की घोषणा या बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली किसने लागू की यह स्पष्ट है। इन्हें active voice मे बदलना है।
In both sentences 'by the government' subject understood है।
1 The government has declared the elections.
2. The government has implemented bio-metric attendance system in government offices.
Exercise for students:-
Change voice:-
1. I have visited Tajmahal many a time.
2. The farmers have sowed seeds by now.
3. Tickets have been checked.
4. All friends have been invited in the party.
5. Has he taken coaching for competitive exam?
6. How much money has he spent for treatment of his wife?
7. Culprits have been arrested within a week.
8. My facebook account has been hacked.
9. Someone has created a fake account.
10. Have you improved your writing skills?
____________________________________________
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
STRUCTURE:-
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Sub+v2+obj. ( Active)
Obj.+was/were+v3 +by+sub. (Passive)
He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him.
Negative sentences:-
Sub+ did not+v1+ obj.( Active)
Obj+was/were not+v3 + by +sub.(passive)
He did not write a letter.( Active)
A letter was not written by him.(passive)
Interrogative sentences:-
Did+sub+v1 +obj ?.(active)
Was/were+obj.+ V3 +by+ sub.? (Passive)
Did you write a letter?
Was a letter written by you?(passive)
Some more examples with answers.
1. He made a mistake.
A mistake was made by him.
2 Arun caught the thief.
The thief was caught by Arun.
3.He did not follow rules.
Rule were not followed by him.
4. Did he win the match?
Was the match won by him?
Some passive structures in which subject is understood. So it is not used.
The tickets were checked.(टिकटें चैक की गई।)
यह passie form है। इसका active voice बनाने के लिए understood sub का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
The T.T.E. checked the tickets.
Or
The conductor checked the tickets. Or
जब कर्ता स्पष्ट न हो तो subject ,'someone' लगाया जाता है।
Someone checked the tickets.
Exercise for students
1. He obeyed the teachers.
2. My cousin purchased a car.
3. She invited me on her birthday.
4. I left school last year.
5. You didn't tell the stories.
6. Ashoka founded a big empire.
7. Arun didn't find a good job.
8 Did he obey his parents?
9. Why did you punish the kids?
10. What did you have in breakfast?
11. Who checked these copies?
12. Tickets were distributed to able candidates.
13. Wrong-doers were punished .
14. A lecture was delivered on women's rights by the students of our school.
15. We watered the saplings daily in summer season.
__________________________________________
Past Continuous Tense
- Structure-:
- Object as sub. +Was/were+ being +V3+by+ subject as object
- Example-: Active voice-: He was wasting the money.
- Passive Voice-: The money was being wasted by him.
Saturday, 22 December 2018
Wednesday, 12 December 2018
Advertisements
Writing advertisement is an art. An advertisement should be:-
1. Brief
2. Attractive
3. Meaningful
4. It must convey the desired information in a brief and lucid manner.
Examples:-
1. Write an advertisement promoting sale of an Solar geyser launched by your company recently. Invent all necessary details.
__________-__________________________________
Save Your Power Bills
Use Newly Launched Solar Geysers
For
Homes, Hospitals & Factories
Main Features:-
* Strong and Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* 10 years warranty
* Free Installation
Contact us at:
Jakhar Solar Systems, 22, Bhagat Singh Market, Jhajjar.
Mob. No.: ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
__________________________________________
2. Write an advertisement for an electronic water purifier launched by your company recently.
_____________________________________________
Save yourself from waterborne diseases
Install at
Homes , Hospitals & Offices
Our newly launched water purifier
Main Features:-
* Strong & Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* Five Years Warranty
* G.S.T. Bills
* Free installation
Contact us at:-
Jakhar Electronics, Bhagat Singh Market,
Jhajjar
Mob. No. ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
___________-________________________________
3. You propose to sell a flat as you are going abroad. Write an advertisement for it. Sign yourself as Arun Kumar of 119, Geeta Colony Kurukshetra.
_____________________________________________
Flat For Sale
A beautiful and newly built flat is available for sale at Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra. The main features of the flat are:-
* Two spacious bedrooms , a drawing room and a lobby.
* Marble flooring.
* Well furnished kitchen.
* Modern bathroom and toilet.
* Separate stairs.
* View of public park from balcony.
* Reasonable prices.
Contact for detail:-
Arun Kumar, 119, Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra.
Mob. ×××××××680
_____________________________________________
4.
Write a notice for the Lost and Found column of a National Daily Newspaper intimating the people of your file which you lost somewhere while travelling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus.
_____________________________________________
Lost and Found
While traveling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus I lost my file containing some important documents such as passport, driving license, adhar card and some money. If they are not found, I may face a great difficulty. The finder is requested to send it on my address or inform me on my mobile number . A good cash prize with countless thanks is promised.
Chain Singh
VPO Jhamri,
Mob.no. xxxxx96580.
_______________________________________
1. Brief
2. Attractive
3. Meaningful
4. It must convey the desired information in a brief and lucid manner.
Examples:-
1. Write an advertisement promoting sale of an Solar geyser launched by your company recently. Invent all necessary details.
__________-__________________________________
Save Your Power Bills
Use Newly Launched Solar Geysers
For
Homes, Hospitals & Factories
Main Features:-
* Strong and Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* 10 years warranty
* Free Installation
Contact us at:
Jakhar Solar Systems, 22, Bhagat Singh Market, Jhajjar.
Mob. No.: ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
__________________________________________
2. Write an advertisement for an electronic water purifier launched by your company recently.
_____________________________________________
Save yourself from waterborne diseases
Install at
Homes , Hospitals & Offices
Our newly launched water purifier
Main Features:-
* Strong & Sturdy
* Reliable and Reasonable Prices
* Five Years Warranty
* G.S.T. Bills
* Free installation
Contact us at:-
Jakhar Electronics, Bhagat Singh Market,
Jhajjar
Mob. No. ×××××××680
We promise a reliable service.
___________-________________________________
3. You propose to sell a flat as you are going abroad. Write an advertisement for it. Sign yourself as Arun Kumar of 119, Geeta Colony Kurukshetra.
_____________________________________________
Flat For Sale
A beautiful and newly built flat is available for sale at Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra. The main features of the flat are:-
* Two spacious bedrooms , a drawing room and a lobby.
* Marble flooring.
* Well furnished kitchen.
* Modern bathroom and toilet.
* Separate stairs.
* View of public park from balcony.
* Reasonable prices.
Contact for detail:-
Arun Kumar, 119, Geeta Colony, Kurukshetra.
Mob. ×××××××680
_____________________________________________
4.
Write a notice for the Lost and Found column of a National Daily Newspaper intimating the people of your file which you lost somewhere while travelling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus.
_____________________________________________
Lost and Found
While traveling from Jhajjar to Jharli by a Haryana Roadways bus I lost my file containing some important documents such as passport, driving license, adhar card and some money. If they are not found, I may face a great difficulty. The finder is requested to send it on my address or inform me on my mobile number . A good cash prize with countless thanks is promised.
Chain Singh
VPO Jhamri,
Mob.no. xxxxx96580.
_______________________________________
Sunday, 25 November 2018
Note making
Note-making - 5 marks
नोट बनाने का अर्थ है कि दिए हुए passage को स्पष्ट व संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत करना ताकि उसे समझने में आसानी हो व समय की बचत हो। किसी लम्बे अनुच्छेद को याद रखने के लिए नोट बनाये जाते हैं। नोट बनाने का कोई hard and fast rule नही है। जिस प्रकार इतिहास या राजनीतिक शास्त्र विषय में लम्बे व विस्तृत अध्यायों को याद रखने के लिए heading बनाए जाते हैं उसी प्रकार English के बड़े अनुच्छेदों को याद रखने के लिए तथा उन्हें समझने के लिए note बनाए जाते हैं।
Note बनाते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें।
1. Notes संक्षिप्त हों।
2. Passage में किसी बात को समझाने के लिए दिए गए उदाहरणों को notes में शामिल न करें।
3. Notes मेंं passage का सार सार ही लिखें।
4. Passage को बार बार पढकर उसका उपयुक्त शीर्षक दें। यदि किसी passage में अधिक paragraph हैं तो हर paragraph का एक sub-title दिया जा सकता है। फिर उसके sub-points दिए जा सकते हैं।
5. Abbreviation का प्रयोग करें व उन्हेंं bracket / box मेंं बन्द करें।
6. आप सुविधानुसार अपने abbreviation का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं। इसमेंं कोई निर्धारित नियम नही है।
7. केवल आवश्यक abbreviations का प्रयोग करें।
8. Note बनाते समय ध्यान रखें कि पूरा वाक्य न लिखा जाए। केवल शब्द समूहों का ही प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।
9. Passage में दिए गए तथ्यों को सारणी-बद्ध रूप मे ंं प्रस्तुत करें।
अभ्यास:-
Passage 1.
Read the passage and make notes. Also give a suitable Heading.
1. The most frightening(भयानक) aspect (पहलू) of malnutrition(कुपोषण) is that it is likely to cause permanent damage(क्षति) to the brain. Experiments carried out ( कार्यान्वित किए गए) on animals suggest that brain damage due to malnutrition is irreversible ( जिसे रोका न जा सके). This may note be true of human beings.
2. Nevertheless, (फिर भी) known facts as well as results of tests conducted so far point to alarming conclusions. The human brain grows very fast. Three months before its birth, the child's brain weighs one fourth of the adult's brain. In one year, the brain of a child is already 66 percent of the weight of the adult brain. At four year, the brain weighs 90 percent and at eight, the child's brain is the size of an adult's and there is no further increase. Quite obviously,(स्पष्ट रूप से) the first four years are crucial (important) for development of the brain. And if the child suffers from malnutrition, the damage to the brain may well be permanent.
3. Fortunately,( सौभाग्य से) and thanks to the research carried out by scientist in India and abroad (विदेश) and systematic attempts made by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad,to analyse the cause of malnutrition in this country,one need not wait for years to solve at least some aspects of the problem.
4. For instance, it was found that the addition of iodine in the lake-water salt consumed in the sub-Himalayan region(क्षैत्र) would go a long way in controlling goitre ( घेंघा, a swelling in the front of the throat) . Again, experiments made by the Institute reveal,(प्रकट करना) that inexpensive ( सस्ती) green leafy vegetables are good alternative (विकल्प) to eggs and butter as a rich source of Vitamin A.
5. The Institute has also carried out considerable research into fortification, किलाबन्दी करना, किसी अन्य तत्व को मिलाने से सुधार लाना) of various foods. Modern bread is a case in point. But since the bread is beyond the means of the poor, the Institute has found some items of mass consumption ( उपभोग) which can be strengthened(मजबूत बनाना) with certain proteins and amino acids. Fortification of common salt is considered the most promising possibility.
Notes:-
A) Most frtng. aspect of mlntrsn.
!) Prmnt dmg of br.
!!) Dmg irreversible
B) grth of human br.- amazing factors:-
!) 3 mnth before brth- weight 1/4 of adult's br.
!!) 1 yr.- 66 % of adult's br.
!!!) 4 yr. -90 % of adult's br.
iv) 8 yr. - full grth/ no further increase.
v) frst 4 yr. crucial for dvlpmnt.
C) Upshot of research carried out by scientists in India and abroad:-
i) addition of Iodine in lake water salt controls goitre
ii) leafy vgtbls good alternative to egg.
Iii) frtfction of various foods with prtns and amino acids reduce mlntrsn.
Heading of the passage:- Malnutrition- causes, impact and remedies
_____________________________________________
Abbreviations-
frtng- frightening
mlntrsn- malnutrition
prmnt- permanent
dmg- damage
grth - growth
mnth- month
br. - brain
yr.- year
dvlpmnt- development
vgtbls- vegetables
frtfction- fortification.
_______________________
______________________
Note- best way to make abbreviations is to use only consonants from the spelling of a word.
We must remember that rules of grammar are not followed while making notes.
नोट बनाने का अर्थ है कि दिए हुए passage को स्पष्ट व संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत करना ताकि उसे समझने में आसानी हो व समय की बचत हो। किसी लम्बे अनुच्छेद को याद रखने के लिए नोट बनाये जाते हैं। नोट बनाने का कोई hard and fast rule नही है। जिस प्रकार इतिहास या राजनीतिक शास्त्र विषय में लम्बे व विस्तृत अध्यायों को याद रखने के लिए heading बनाए जाते हैं उसी प्रकार English के बड़े अनुच्छेदों को याद रखने के लिए तथा उन्हें समझने के लिए note बनाए जाते हैं।
Note बनाते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें।
1. Notes संक्षिप्त हों।
2. Passage में किसी बात को समझाने के लिए दिए गए उदाहरणों को notes में शामिल न करें।
3. Notes मेंं passage का सार सार ही लिखें।
4. Passage को बार बार पढकर उसका उपयुक्त शीर्षक दें। यदि किसी passage में अधिक paragraph हैं तो हर paragraph का एक sub-title दिया जा सकता है। फिर उसके sub-points दिए जा सकते हैं।
5. Abbreviation का प्रयोग करें व उन्हेंं bracket / box मेंं बन्द करें।
6. आप सुविधानुसार अपने abbreviation का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं। इसमेंं कोई निर्धारित नियम नही है।
7. केवल आवश्यक abbreviations का प्रयोग करें।
8. Note बनाते समय ध्यान रखें कि पूरा वाक्य न लिखा जाए। केवल शब्द समूहों का ही प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।
9. Passage में दिए गए तथ्यों को सारणी-बद्ध रूप मे ंं प्रस्तुत करें।
अभ्यास:-
Passage 1.
Read the passage and make notes. Also give a suitable Heading.
1. The most frightening(भयानक) aspect (पहलू) of malnutrition(कुपोषण) is that it is likely to cause permanent damage(क्षति) to the brain. Experiments carried out ( कार्यान्वित किए गए) on animals suggest that brain damage due to malnutrition is irreversible ( जिसे रोका न जा सके). This may note be true of human beings.
2. Nevertheless, (फिर भी) known facts as well as results of tests conducted so far point to alarming conclusions. The human brain grows very fast. Three months before its birth, the child's brain weighs one fourth of the adult's brain. In one year, the brain of a child is already 66 percent of the weight of the adult brain. At four year, the brain weighs 90 percent and at eight, the child's brain is the size of an adult's and there is no further increase. Quite obviously,(स्पष्ट रूप से) the first four years are crucial (important) for development of the brain. And if the child suffers from malnutrition, the damage to the brain may well be permanent.
3. Fortunately,( सौभाग्य से) and thanks to the research carried out by scientist in India and abroad (विदेश) and systematic attempts made by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad,to analyse the cause of malnutrition in this country,one need not wait for years to solve at least some aspects of the problem.
4. For instance, it was found that the addition of iodine in the lake-water salt consumed in the sub-Himalayan region(क्षैत्र) would go a long way in controlling goitre ( घेंघा, a swelling in the front of the throat) . Again, experiments made by the Institute reveal,(प्रकट करना) that inexpensive ( सस्ती) green leafy vegetables are good alternative (विकल्प) to eggs and butter as a rich source of Vitamin A.
5. The Institute has also carried out considerable research into fortification, किलाबन्दी करना, किसी अन्य तत्व को मिलाने से सुधार लाना) of various foods. Modern bread is a case in point. But since the bread is beyond the means of the poor, the Institute has found some items of mass consumption ( उपभोग) which can be strengthened(मजबूत बनाना) with certain proteins and amino acids. Fortification of common salt is considered the most promising possibility.
Notes:-
A) Most frtng. aspect of mlntrsn.
!) Prmnt dmg of br.
!!) Dmg irreversible
B) grth of human br.- amazing factors:-
!) 3 mnth before brth- weight 1/4 of adult's br.
!!) 1 yr.- 66 % of adult's br.
!!!) 4 yr. -90 % of adult's br.
iv) 8 yr. - full grth/ no further increase.
v) frst 4 yr. crucial for dvlpmnt.
C) Upshot of research carried out by scientists in India and abroad:-
i) addition of Iodine in lake water salt controls goitre
ii) leafy vgtbls good alternative to egg.
Iii) frtfction of various foods with prtns and amino acids reduce mlntrsn.
Heading of the passage:- Malnutrition- causes, impact and remedies
_____________________________________________
Abbreviations-
frtng- frightening
mlntrsn- malnutrition
prmnt- permanent
dmg- damage
grth - growth
mnth- month
br. - brain
yr.- year
dvlpmnt- development
vgtbls- vegetables
frtfction- fortification.
_______________________
______________________
Note- best way to make abbreviations is to use only consonants from the spelling of a word.
We must remember that rules of grammar are not followed while making notes.
________________________________________
Passage 2
Read the passage carefully and make notes.
Whether the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 will prove a mile stone for the coming generations of new India or not is a burning question today. It is supposed to be pro-employment as it is based on skill development. It lays emphasis on utility and practicability. The present education policy which came into existence in 1986 was also claimed to create employment and to make students more prone to science and technology . Vocationalisation of education was the core issue of this policy. Thousands of vocational institutions and Industrial Training Institutes were opened to attain the desired goals. Hundreds of Poly technique institutions, IITs, IIITs , IIMs and AIIMS were opened in order to create more jobs in public sector. The policy might have proved successful to some extent but still it could not fulfill the needs of growing India in the hours of globalisation. So the need for new education policy was felt by the think tanks of the country and the draft for NEP 2020 was visualised . As a result , NEP came into existence. It claims to produce a sea change in the present education system. It is more centred to school education, especially Primary Education. As per new education policy 2020 , three years of pre-primary education has been incorporated which promotes learning by playing technique. A kid of three years age can be enrolled for pre-primary class. The students in pre-primary classes need not carry books or bags. It is based on oral learning. It will be helpful for the poor people who go on work for daily wages leaving behind their kids with their bigger sons or daughters whom they keep away from school only to look after their younger brothers or sisters. The concept of pre-primary education will prove beneficial at two levels for parents. First, they need not to worry
Tuesday, 30 October 2018
On The Face of It (Analysis by Baljit Singh)
Updated 24/10/2020
Only mask and social distancing is a vaccine for corona.
So in order to be safe-
1. Wear mask when you go outdoor.
2. Keep washing your hands with soap at intervals.
3. Keep social distancing.
4. Avoid ice- cream or other cold things.
5. Take warm water, tea or milk at intervals.
Remember lockdown is over, not corona.
We must have a positive attitude towards life and the world .
( On the Face of It) by Susan Hill
This lesson has three scenes and three characters; Derry, Mr.Lamb and Derry's mother.
Q1. What is it that draws Derry towards Mr.Lamb in spite of himself?
Ans. Mr. Lamb is very friendly to Derry. He is different from other people. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes Derry in his garden. Gates of his garden are always open. He encourages Derry to love himself. He says that outer beauty is not so important as inner beauty. He tells Derry that he should not hate his burnt face. He builds confidence in Derry. Derry finds himself changed after his meeting with Mr. Lamb. His encouraging words attract Derry towards him.
Q2. When does Mr. Lamb display signs of loneliness and disappointment? What are the ways in which he tries to overcome these feelings ?
Ans. Mr.Lamb lives alone in a garden. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes everyone in his garden . The Gates of his garden are always open. Derry enters his garden jumping over a wall. He encourages Derry to respect himself. His words change Derry . Derry promises him to come again. After Derry has gone , Mr. Lamb speaks to himself . He says, " Everyone says that he will come again but nobody comes again". These words show his loneliness and disappointment . But soon he overcomes his loneliness. He listens humming of bees . He enjoys watching and listening the nature. He finds no difference between flowers, trees, herbs and weeds. He considers them all living things. Such positive thoughts remove his loneliness and disappointment.
Q3. How did Mr. Lamb's meeting with Derry become a turning point in Derry's
life? Or
Derry is a victim of his own complex. Do you find some change in him in the end?
Ans. Derry is a victim of his own complex. We know that his face is burnt. He dislikes himself. But his meeting with Lamb becomes a turning point in his life. Lamb's encouraging words rebuild his confidence. His words fill Derry with jest for life. He talks nicely. He says strange things that attract Derry towards him in spite of his mother's warning. There is something in Lamb's personality that attracts Derry towards him. We find Derry a changed person after his meeting with Lamb.
Other important questions-:
1.Who is Mr.Lamb? How does Derry get into his garden?
Ans- Mr. Lamb is an old man. He has a tin leg. His leg was blown off in war. He has positive attitude to life. He is friendly with everyone. He has an apple garden. Derry enters his garden by jumping over a wall. He welcomes Derry in his garden. He encourages him. He is really a nice person.
2. How did Mr. Lamb take his handicap?
3. What does Lamb say about bees?
And He says that some people say that bees but. but for me they humm and human means sing. It all depends on our outlook to life.
4 Why did Derry start weeping in the end?
And. Derry feels much changed after his meeting with Lamb. He is a peculiar person and says peculiar things. Derry is much impressed with him . So he starts weeping when he came to know that Mr. Lamb had died .
5 How did Derry respond when he saw that the garden was not empty?
And -: Derry got afraid when he saw that the garden was not empty. He was startled when he heard Mr. Lamb saying ,"Mind the crab apples" He said that he thought that the garden was empty. He said that he had not come to steal.
6. What can be the other end of the story in your opinion?
And:- In my opinion, the story should have a happy ending. It would be nice if Mr. Lamb was unconscious and Derry would take him to hospital. After treatment he would have recovered and both of them lived happily. They would have motivated others to live a better life.
Word- meanings
Defiant- disobedient ( अवज्ञाकारी)
Tentatively- hesitantly(हिचकते हुए)
Trespassing- to enter without permission(अतिक्रमण करना)
Startled - surprised (चकित)
Crab- wild and sour( जंगली व खट्टे)
Swishes - loud hissing sound( सरसराना)
अन्य शब्द contributed by a student
Q1 How did Mr. Lamb try to give courage and confidence to Derry?
And. Mr. Lamb is an optimistic person. He fills Derry's heart with optimism. He is not shocked on seeing his burnt face. Rather he talks to him in a friendly manner. He says that Derry has two arms, two legs, eyes , ears and a younger and brain. He can do better if he focuses on his positive things. He says that handsome is that handsome does. In this way Mr. Lamb tries to give courage and confidence to Derry.
Q2. What change took place in Derry when he met Mr. Lamb?
Ans- Same as and of question 1.
Q3. Both Derry and Lamb are victims of physical impairment,
( On the Face of It) by Susan Hill
Mr. Lamb's garden .
Derry's meeting with Mr. Lamb
This lesson has three scenes and three characters; Derry, Mr.Lamb and Derry's mother.
Q1. What is it that draws Derry towards Mr.Lamb in spite of himself?
Ans. Mr. Lamb is very friendly to Derry. He is different from other people. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes Derry in his garden. Gates of his garden are always open. He encourages Derry to love himself. He says that outer beauty is not so important as inner beauty. He tells Derry that he should not hate his burnt face. He builds confidence in Derry. Derry finds himself changed after his meeting with Mr. Lamb. His encouraging words attract Derry towards him.
Q2. When does Mr. Lamb display signs of loneliness and disappointment? What are the ways in which he tries to overcome these feelings ?
Ans. Mr.Lamb lives alone in a garden. He has a positive attitude to life. He welcomes everyone in his garden . The Gates of his garden are always open. Derry enters his garden jumping over a wall. He encourages Derry to respect himself. His words change Derry . Derry promises him to come again. After Derry has gone , Mr. Lamb speaks to himself . He says, " Everyone says that he will come again but nobody comes again". These words show his loneliness and disappointment . But soon he overcomes his loneliness. He listens humming of bees . He enjoys watching and listening the nature. He finds no difference between flowers, trees, herbs and weeds. He considers them all living things. Such positive thoughts remove his loneliness and disappointment.
Q3. How did Mr. Lamb's meeting with Derry become a turning point in Derry's
life? Or
Derry is a victim of his own complex. Do you find some change in him in the end?
Other important questions-:
1.Who is Mr.Lamb? How does Derry get into his garden?
Ans- Mr. Lamb is an old man. He has a tin leg. His leg was blown off in war. He has positive attitude to life. He is friendly with everyone. He has an apple garden. Derry enters his garden by jumping over a wall. He welcomes Derry in his garden. He encourages him. He is really a nice person.
2. How did Mr. Lamb take his handicap?
3. What does Lamb say about bees?
And He says that some people say that bees but. but for me they humm and human means sing. It all depends on our outlook to life.
4 Why did Derry start weeping in the end?
And. Derry feels much changed after his meeting with Lamb. He is a peculiar person and says peculiar things. Derry is much impressed with him . So he starts weeping when he came to know that Mr. Lamb had died .
5 How did Derry respond when he saw that the garden was not empty?
And -: Derry got afraid when he saw that the garden was not empty. He was startled when he heard Mr. Lamb saying ,"Mind the crab apples" He said that he thought that the garden was empty. He said that he had not come to steal.
6. What can be the other end of the story in your opinion?
And:- In my opinion, the story should have a happy ending. It would be nice if Mr. Lamb was unconscious and Derry would take him to hospital. After treatment he would have recovered and both of them lived happily. They would have motivated others to live a better life.
Word- meanings
Defiant- disobedient ( अवज्ञाकारी)
Tentatively- hesitantly(हिचकते हुए)
Trespassing- to enter without permission(अतिक्रमण करना)
Startled - surprised (चकित)
Crab- wild and sour( जंगली व खट्टे)
Swishes - loud hissing sound( सरसराना)
अन्य शब्द contributed by a student
Some important questions prepared by a student
And. Mr. Lamb is an optimistic person. He fills Derry's heart with optimism. He is not shocked on seeing his burnt face. Rather he talks to him in a friendly manner. He says that Derry has two arms, two legs, eyes , ears and a younger and brain. He can do better if he focuses on his positive things. He says that handsome is that handsome does. In this way Mr. Lamb tries to give courage and confidence to Derry.
Q2. What change took place in Derry when he met Mr. Lamb?
Ans- Same as and of question 1.
Q3. Both Derry and Lamb are victims of physical impairment,
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