Readable Paragraphs of Motivation

      1.  Braves win, cowards complain

The message- Braves win, cowards complain , is very appropriate at present. Now a days,  it has become a trend to complain against the Government, administration , heads of offices,  village heads etc. Some complaints are false , baseless and motivated by enmity or jealousy. Others may be true. But the reality is that the most lazy person makes the most complaints. All day long he keeps busy in gambling, drinking or other useless activities ; and in the evening curses everyone from a clerk to the clergy. He holds his neighbours, employees or the government responsible for all his worries and woes. He never analyses himself. He never thinks what he has done all his life for the society or the nation. He complains of corruption but never misses a chance to do the same if gets the opportunity.  He complains of the rude behaviour of the employees or officers but do the same if he gets the chance. He complains of increasing adultery and crime in society but longs to commit the same. He delivers long speeches on how and what the government should do, what kinds of rules and regulations should be prevalent in the country according to his wits but when he is given the responsibility, he shirks from it. But Braves men never complain. They understand the flexibility of life. They understand that ups and downs are part and parcel of life. They understand that goodness and evil are prevalent since the existence of creation. Similarly they understand that every coin has two faces. There is a bright ray after every dark tunnel. There are hopes and despairs in life. Life is not an easy cradle. It has roses as well as thorns. If thorns pierce us, roses make our life pleasant with their fragrance. So a brave man never complains. He  makes his destiny with hard work . He never sits idle like a coward. He never blames the destiny for his misfortune. He holds himself responsible for his misfortune. He works hard and achieves his goal and makes his destiny.  So it has rightly been said," Braves win, cowards complain.

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     2.   Key to Success

It is said that hard work is key to success. But I believe that hard work in right direction is essential for success. We need to strike on the anvil on right place otherwise all our energy go waste. Besides our patience and perseverance is also essential for success. Sometimes we are very near to the point of success but our patience gives way and we fail. One more effort or one more step might have proved fruitful for us but we lose patience and become the witness of failure. Another Important  thing for success  is our self confidence and  courage . We must not lose self-confidence if we fail. Our every effort should be considered as a step towards our success. You may have heard the story of Thomas Edison who invented the electric bulb. When he had failed in his hundredth experiment, his fellow scientists said to him," You are wasting your time and energy, perhaps you will never succeed. " Edition said to them," What you call failure, I call it a step more near to success." And all were amazed when Edison succeeded in his one hundred and first attempt and gave the world an electric bulb as a gift. So we must not be discouraged with our constant failures. Who knows where and when the luck smiles on us. So we must not stop on our way to success if encountered with failures.  We must not surrender to failures , rather we must challenge them and utilize failures as stepping stones of success. 

When Columbus embarked on his journey round the world, he faced many dangers and challenges. At many moments, he had to face deadly sea animals , gigantic rocks, venomous whales and enormous waves, but he persisted. His friends chided him for his  maniac personality. One of his crew member  called Mr. Froze was much frightened . He tried to discourage  Columbus and an another brave sailor, Pizarro' . He reminded Pizarro of his  father and  grandfather's  death who drowned and died in hurricane. But Pizarro was realistic and knew the reality of life. He asked Froze how his father and grandfather died . Froze told him that his father and grandfather died when they were sleeping on a bed. At this Pizarro quipped , " Then why does he daily go to the bed." At this Froze became unanswered " So our courage, self confidence , perseverance , patience and hard work  are collectively responsible for our success.

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 3. We Become What We Think ( 

It is a well known fact that man becomes what he thinks, either good or bad. Our every action depends on the working of our mind. If we think positively, we become positive and vice versa. For ages our ascetics have researched on working process of our mind. If a person continuously makes high opinion about himself, he becomes the same. But there are some dangers also because sometimes a person starts thinking himself very important and expects others to respect him, to follow him or to obey him. If his wishes are not fulfilled, he gets infuriated and resorts to violence and bad behaviour. The principle that we become what we think, applies only to a judicious person not to an egoist. An egoist may spoil the whole fabric of harmony.  Contrary to this ,a  judicious person knows his limits, therefore, he does not behave arbitrarily. Therefore he achieves what he desires. Sometimes  we can win over an enemy by strong mind as happened in the Indo-Pak battle in 1971 which was won by India. Maharana Pratap of Mewar  was never defeated by Mughal  forces because his thoughts were lofty and his spirit for freedom made his mind strong. With firm determination we can achieve impossible goals, we can win impossible battles. Indomitable courage and determination is a process of working of a strong mind. We must put higher goals before us and then with full might and energy proceed towards the goal. You will be amazed that the goal that seemed impossible earlier seems very easy. But the condition is that we must be  persistent in our efforts. Sometimes we are very near to our victory point and a little more effort can take us to the zenith but unfortunately or unknowingly, we drop our efforts and live distressed at our touch point and keep cursing our misfortune. But it is not so. Our every effort is a step towards success. So we must pursue on our course until we reach our goal. Our failures must not be considered as our weaknesses rather they should be honoured as stepping stones of success. With every failure, we should embark on the path with more zeal and zest. One day success will embrace you.

-Baljit Singh

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Braves win, cowards complain

Keeping Quiet by Pablo Neruda

  **स्वदेशी अपनाओ**
आत्मनिर्भर भारत।

*Boycott Chinese Apps and goods*
         (चालाक चीन ने धोखे से हमारे सैनिकों पर आक्रमण किया  । आओ हम भी चीन को आर्थिक चोट पहुँचाएँ। #चीनी वस्तुओं का बहिष्कार करें#)
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Keeping Quiet ( Pablo Neruda)
(Analysis by Baljit Singh)

Summary of the poem-:

Keeping Quiet is a short and beautiful poem written by Pablo Neruda. It conveys a great message. It lays importance on keeping quiet. The poet tells us that we must keep quiet for some time and look within and examine . He calls it a moment of quite introspection. By doing so we will have a unique experience. We will suspend all activities for  few moments. It will give us a feeling of togetherness, brotherhood and love. We will love each other and there will be peace in the world. The poet says that we will be able to end wars in this way. But the poet says that our quietness and stillness should not be confused with total inactivity. Inactivity is death while activity is life. He means to say that quietness and calmness is essential for a fresh and better activity. He gives the example of  earth in winter season.  In winter the earth seems to be dead but when spring comes, it glows with new life and energy. Similarly, man can resume his activities in a fresh and better manner after a little silence and stillness.


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Short Answer Type of Questions.
( Best Notes)

Q1. Do you think the poet advocates total inactivity and death?(क्या कवि पूरी निष्क्रियता व मृत्यु की वकालत करता है?)

Ans:- The poet doesn't advocate total inactivity and death. He only says to suspend / stop our activities for some time and have introspection. It will refresh and energise our activities.( कवि पूर्ण निष्क्रियता व मृत्यु की वकालत नहीं करता। वह केवल यह कहता है कि हमें कुछ समय के लिए अपने कार्य छोड़कर आत्मावलोकन करना चाहिए।इससे हमारे कार्यों को ताजगी व नई ऊर्जा मिलेगी।)
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Q2. What is the ''sadness' that the poet refers to in the poem?
( कवि कविता मेंं किस उदासी की बात करता है?)
Ans- It is the sadness of never understanding ourselves. We remain busy in worldly activities and have no time for introspection. It gives rise to many evils such as war and hatred. ( यह स्वयं को न समझने की उदासी है। हम सदा सांसारिक कार्यों में लगे रहते हैं और आत्म अवलोकन नहीं करते। इससे युद्ध व नफरत जैसी अनेक बुराइयों का जन्म होता है।)

Q3. What symbol from Nature does the poet invoke to say that there can be life under apparent stillness?
   ( कवि यह समझाने के लिए ,कि प्रत्यक्ष जड़ता के नीचे जीवन छुपा हो सकता है, प्रकृति के किस प्रतीक का उपयोग करता है?)
       OR
How , according to the poet, can earth teach us? ( कवि के अनुसार, पृथ्वी हमें कैसे सिखाती है?)
( Best Notes By Baljit Singh)
Ans:- In winter, the earth seems to be dead. When spring comes, it glows with new life and colours. Similarly , man can resume his activities in a fresh and better manner after quiet introspection.
( शीत ऋतु में पृथ्वी मृत प्रतीत होती है।परंतु जब बसन्त आती है तो यह नये जीवन व रंगों से उज्ज्वलित हो जाती है। इसी प्रकार मनुष्य भी कुछ पल आत्मावलोकन के पश्चात अपने कार्य पुनः श्रेष्ठ ढंग से आरम्भ कर सकता है।)

Q4. What does the poet want all of us to do?( कवि हम सबसे क्या करवाना चाहता है?)

Ans- The poet wants us to stop all our activities for some time and have introspection. It will refresh and energise our activities.  ( कवि चाहता है कि हम सब कुछ पल के लिये अपने सभी क्रियाकलापों को त्याग दें व आत्म अवलोकन करें। इससे हमारे कार्यों को ताजगी व  नई ऊर्जा मिलेगी।)

Q5. What does the poet call an 'exotic' moment and why? (कवि विलक्षण पल किसे कहता है और क्यों)?)

Ans-:  The poet calls the moment of quiet introspection as an 'exotic moment' because it gives us an unusual experience and a feeling of togetherness, love and brotherhood. ( कवि आत्म अवलोकन के पल को विलक्षण पल कहता है क्योंकि यह पल हमें असाधारण अनुभव तथा एकात्मकता, प्रेम व भाईचारे की भावना देता है।)

Q6. What does the poet say about those who prepare green wars?
( नये युद्धों को जन्म देने वाले लोगों के बारे में कवि क्या कहता है?)
  OR
What does Pablo Neruda think about war in the poem 'Keeping Quiet'?

Ans- Green wars means fresh wars caused by men all over the world. They are fought with fatal weapons. They leave no survivors behind them. These wars can be avoided if the men making these wars do quiet introspection. ( Green wars का अर्थ है लोगों द्वारा विश्व भर मेंं उत्पन्न किए गए ताजा युद्ध जो घातक हथियारों से लड़े जाते हैं और अपने पीछे survivors नहीं छोड़ते। यदि इन युद्धों को जन्म देने वाले लोग आत्म अवलोकन करें तो इन युद्धों से बचा जा सकता है।)

#BycottChineseProducts#
स्वदेशी अपनाओ, # आत्मनिर्भर भारत💐
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Comprehensions-:

Stanza 1.

Now we will count to twelve
and we will all keep still.
For once on the face of the Earth
let's not speak in any language,
let's stop for one second,
and not move our arms so much.

Q1. Name the poem and the poet.
Ans:- The name of the poem is "Keeping Quiet" written by Pablo Neruda.

Q2. Why does the poet ask us to count to twelve?
Ans. He wants us to count to twelve so that we may stop our activities for some time and look within ourselves.

Q3. Why does the poet want us to suspend our activity?
Ans-: The poet wants us to suspend our activity so that we may look within ourselves.

Q4. Explain-: ' we will keep still'.
Ans-: It means we will do no physical activity for some time.

Q5. What does the phrase ' not move our arms so much' mean?
Ans-: It means we will do no physical activity for some time. We will look within ourselves.

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Stanza 2.

It would be an exotic moment
without rush, without engines,
we would be all together
in a sudden strangeness.

Q1. What has been said ''an exotic moment?
Ans:- The moment of introspection has been said as an 'exotic' moment because it gives us an unusual feeling of togetherness.

Q2. How shall we feel in this moment.
Ans:- We shall feel an unusual feeling of togetherness. It will fill our heart with love and brotherhood.

Q3. How will it help the individual and the world?
Ans:- It will end wars in the world and bring peace.

Q4. Explain-: 'without rush, without engines'
Ans-: It means no hurrying and no noise of engines.

Q5. Pick out the word from the passage which means same as 'unusual'
Ans-: Unusual- exotic

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Stanza 3.

Fishermen in the cold sea
would not harm whales
and the man gathering salt
would look at his hurt hands.

Q1. What does the poet expect of the fishermen and why?
Ans-: The poet expects the fishermen in the cold sea would not harm fish. The moment of introspection would teach them that they should not kill more fish than they need .

Q2. What would the man gathering salt do?
Ans-: The man gathering salt would look at his hurt hands.

Q3. What does the phrase 'hurt hands imply'?
Ans:- It implies that greediness is harmful for us.

------------+----------(Best Notes)
Stanza 4.

Those who prepare green war,
wars with gas, wars with fire,
victory with no survivors,
would put on clean clothes
and walk about with their brothers
in the shade, doing nothing.

Q1. What is meant by 'green wars'?
Ans-: ''Green Wars" means fresh wars caused by men all over the world.

Q2. How are the green wars fought?
Ans :- They are fought with gas and fire.

Q3. Who would put on clean clothes?
Ans-: They are the politicians who prepare fresh wars in the world.

Q4. Which phrase has been used to underline the inhumanity of war?
Ans-: ''Victory with no survivors".

Q5. How can men come out of their love for wars?
Ans-: Men can avoid wars only by looking within themselves. It will fill their heart with love and brotherhood for all. Naturally wars would end.
-----------------(Best Notes by B.S.)
Stanza 5.

What I want should not be confused
with total inactivity.
Life is what it is about;
I want no truck with death.

Q1. Does that poet advocate total inactivity?
Ans-: No, he doesn't advocate total inactivity.
Q2. What should not be confused with total inactivity by the poet?
Ans:- The moment of quiet introspection.

Q3. Explain-: "I want no truck with death."
Ans-:  It means the poet does not advocate total inactivity or death.

Q4. With whom does the want to have no dealing?
Ans- With death.

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Stanza 6.

If we were not so single-minded
about keeping our lives moving,
an d for once could do nothing,
perhaps a huge silence
might interrupt this sadness.

Q1. What is the poet single-minded about?
Ans:- The poet is single-minded about keeping our lives moving.

Q2. What does the poet mean by ''huge silence'?
Ans-: It is the moment of quiet introspection.

Q3. What might the silence do?
Ans:- It might interrupt our sadness.

Q4:- What will happen if we go on with our endless activities?
Ans-: We will never be able to understand ourselves if we go on with our endless activities.

Q5. What is the sadness that the poet refer to?
Ans-: It is the sadness of never understanding ourselves.

Q6. Pick out the word from the passage which mean ''determined'.
Ans-: Single-minded.

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Stanza 7

Perhaps a huge silence
might interrupt this sadness
of never understanding ourselves
and of threatening ourselves with death.

Q1. How can huge silence interrupt our sadness?
Ans:-  Huge silence means the moment of quiet introspection. It is the time we look within ourselves and try to understand. It is an exotic moment' and remove our sadness.

Q2. What is the threat of silence mentioned in the last line?
Ans-: It is the threat of death.

Q3. Find the words from the stanza which mean the same as: I) probably ii) intervene
Ans:- probably- perhaps
           intervene- interrupt

Q4:-Name the poem and the poet.
Ans :- The poem is 'Keeping Quiet' written by Pablo Neruda.

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Stanza 8.

Perhaps the Earth can teach us
as when everything seems dead
and later proves to be alive.
Now I shall count twelve
and you keep quiet and I will go.

Q1. What can the Earth teach us?
Ans-: The Earth can teach us that after suspending our activities for some time how we can restart our activities in a fresh manner.

Q2. When does everything seems to be dead?
Ans-: In winter , everything seems to be dead.

Q3. When does The Earth prove to be alive?
Ans:- In spring, the Earth proves to be alive.

Q4. Why does the poet say that he will count twelve?
Ans-: The poet wants the readers to stop their activities for a short period and do introspection. This period of introspection will last as long as we count twelve.

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Demonstrative Pronoun v/s Demonstrative Adjective

#Stay Home! Stay Safe!

"Be vocal for the local."- PM Narender Modi





देखने मेंं ये दोनों समान हैं लेकिन  वाक्य मेंं उनके कार्य भिन्न हैं।
Demostrative Pronoun वाक्य मेंं किसी noun की तरफ संकेत करता है। उदाहरण- this, that, these, those.
1. This is my pen. (इस वाक्य में "this' एक demonstrative (डिमोन्सट्रेटिव) pronoun है। यह pen की तरफ संकेत करता है।
2. These are my books. ( इस वाक्य में these' एक demonstrative pronoun है।) यह पुस्तकों की तरफ संकेत करता है)

इसी प्रकार
 That is a girl .
Those are girls .

ध्यान रखें नजदीक की किसी एकवचन संज्ञा के लिए- this
                                       बहुवचन संज्ञा के लिए- these
         दूर की एकवचन संज्ञा के लिए -     that
          "" """बहुवचन """"""""""" - those
का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Demonstrative Adjective ( संकेतवाचक विशेषण)
जो विशेषण अपने तुरन्त बाद प्रयुक्त संज्ञा की तरफ संकेत करता है, उसे Demonstrative Adjective कहते हैं।
उदाहरण- this, that, these, those.

1. This girl is intelligent. ( यहां "this" अपने तुरंत बाद आने वाली संज्ञा 'girl'की तरफ संकेत करता है। अतः in this sentence 'this' एक Demonstrative Adjective है।

परन्तु
 This is an intelligent girl. इस वाक्य मेंं' this ' एक demonstrative pronoun है।

इसी प्रकार से निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को देखिये-
  1 That boy is very sincere.( Demonstrative Adjective)
That is a very sincere boy. (Demonstrative Pronoun)

अब आपको समझ आ गया होगा।

अभ्यास 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से demonstrative pronouns/ demonstrative adjective छांटो व अपनी कापी में लिखो।
1. This is my shirt.
2 I bought this shirt from market.
3. Those bananas are very nice.
4 Those are nice bananas.
5 My father gave me this watch on my birthday.
6. This is a watch my father gave me on my birthday.
7. These boys are very regular.
8. These are very regular boys.
9 . That is a bench .
10  You may sit on that bench.

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How to Write a Notice

#Stay Home, Stay Safe#

नोटिस लिखने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें-:

1. नोटिस लिखने के लिए present or future tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
2. नोटिस को box में लिखा जाता है।
3. सबसे ऊपर केंद्र में heading लिखा जाता है, उसके नीचे संस्था का नाम लिखा जाता है।फिर word , NOTICE लिखा जाता है।
4. दांए कौने मेंं date लिखी जाती है।
5. फिर नोटिस का content लिखा जाता है जो कि बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। इसमें present या future tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
6. सबसे नीचे बाँयी तरफ लिखने वाले का नाम, पता तथा हस्ताक्षर लिखे जाते हैं।

आओ अब कुछ नोटिस लिखेंं:-

1. Suppose you are Rohit of GSSS ABC. You study in class 12th. Your school is going to organise a blood donation camp. Write a notice inviting the willing donors for it. Invent all necessary details like time , venue etc. of the camp.
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                         Blood Donation Camp
                              (GSSS.  ABC)
                                 A NOTICE
May 16, 2020
It is informed to the general public that a blood donation camp will be held in the campus of GSSS ABC on 21st May. The willing donors are invited to donate their blood at this occasion. Remember blood donation is a noble cause and a  great service to mankind. All the donors will be given a certificate of appreciation.

Rohit
Class -12th
GSSS ABC.
____________________________________________

2. Suppose you are the student editor of your school magazine ' Mission". Invite articles, poems etc. from the students for publication in the annual issue of the magazine. Sign yourself as Prachi.
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  Compositions for School Magazine Mission
                           (GSSS GORIA)
                              A NOTICE
May 16,2020
Students are invited to contribute their original compositions for publication in the annual issue of the school magazine "Mission". Please submit your compositions to the undersigned latest by the end of this month.

Prachi,
Students' Editor.
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3. Your annual examination is scheduled to commence (शुरू होना) from March 3. Write a notice on behalf of the Principal of your school intimating the students about it.
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               Annual Examination Starts
                              (GSSS XYZ)
                              A NOTICE
Feb.25,2021
All the students are informed that their annual examination is commencing from March 3. All the concerned students are advised to contact their class incharges for roll number slips and guidance.

Principal

GSSS XYZ
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4 . Suppose you are students' secretary of your school. Your school has decided to organise a historical tour of students. Write a notice informing the students about it. Also invite the name of willing oarticiparti. Sign yourself as Raman/ Radha .
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                 Tour Notice
                 ( GSSS XYZ)
May 19, 2020.
All the students are informed that our school has decided to organise a three days historical tour to Rajasthan. Willing students may contact the undersigned for detail.
Raman/ Radha
Students' secretary.
GSSS XYZ.
_______________________________
5.Suppose you are Shiva of tenth class. You found a file while you were playing in the school ground. Write a notice for the notice board of your school about it.
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                         Found! Found! Found!
                                 
May20,2020.
While playing in the school playground during recess period, I found a file containing some important documents and five hundred rupees. The owner may get it from the school office after giving particular details.

Shiva
Class Tenth,
GSSS xyz
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6. Suppose you lost your bag while you were playing in the school playground during recess. Write a notice about it. Sign yourself as Anamika of tenth class.
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                     Lost! Lost! Lost!
While playing in the school playground during recess period, I lost my bag somewhere. Besides books, it contains some important documents of my elder brother. The finder is requested to give it to me or deposit with the school office.

Anamika
Roll no. 25
Class Tenth
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7.  Suppose you are are Mohit. You read in tenth class in ABC school. Your school is going to organise a quiz Contest on Saturday. Write a notice on behalf of the principal of your school informing the students about it.
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                   Quiz Contest
              ( ABC Public School)
                        A Notice

July1, 2020.
All the students are informed that our school is going to organise an online quiz Contest in Mathematics and Physics on Saturday ( 4 July) . It is compulsory for all students to take part in it. A link will be sent on Saturday. The students should fill their names, name of school and school code. After it they should answer the questions and submit the report. A certificate of appreciation will be given to the winners.

Rohit
Class tenth.
( For Principal ABC, Public School)
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8. Suppose you are Ajay/ Anshika of 12th class. You want to sell your second hand books of class eleventh at nominal prices. Write a notice about it.

_______________________&&&&_________

       Second Hand Books For Sale

It is informed to the students of eleventh class that I want to sell my second hand text books of Science ( Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) for eleventh class at nominal price. All my books are in excellent condition. The willing students may contact me on my following address.

Ajay/Anshika

Class Xll A (Science)

Roll no. 6 

Mob.No. 98130xxxxx

______________________________________

Advertisements-:

1. Suppose you want to sell your car.  Draft an advertisement for it. Sign your self as xyz of Hisar.

____________________&&&&&__________

          

             Car for Sale

Hyundai , Avenue sv-2 car , model Dec.2019, done 6000 KM , petrol Engine, fully insured, in excellent condition,  is offered for sale . The owner is going abroad. Willing parties may contact xyz, Model Town Hisar. Mob.no. 98130XXXXXX
_______________________________________

2.  Suppose you work as a manager in an advertising agency . Draft an attractive advertisement for sale of an Solar Geyser. Invent all necessary details.

____________________&_&&___________

Do you remain tensed due to electricity bills ?

 Be relaxed, save electricity.

 Use our  Solar Geyser ' Relax'.

Features-

* 50 litre store tank

* Insulated tank.

* Extra sensitive solar plates.

* Chargeable with electricity in emergency.

* Nominal price.

* Five year warranty.

Contact-: 'Relax' solar Geysers, Super Market, New Delhi.

Mob. No. 98130XXXXX.

___________&&&&&________&&&&_____

 

  

The Tiger King (by Kalki)

# Stay Home, Stay Safe#

India Fights Corona Virus.

Summary of the story

The Tiger King is a satire (व्यंग्य) on hypocrisy, (पाखंड),haughtiness (घमंड), hollowness (खोखलापन) , foolishness (मूर्खता) and ruthlessness (निर्दयता) of those in power. 

The Tiger King was the Maharaja of Pratibandhapuram. When he was born, the astrologers announced that one day he will have to die. At this the king who was then an infant of only ten days old spoke, " O, prophets , everyone who is born die one day, but it would make a sense if you tell the manner of death." Everyone was amazed to hear a ten days old infant speaking. So the astrologers said that the crown prince was born in the hour of Taurus, and the bull and tiger are enemy of each other,  so his death would come from a tiger. The infant prince spoke again, " Let the tigers beware!"

Years passed. The prince was brought up in English manner. When he became twenty years old, he was enthroned ( सिहासन पर बैठा दिया).  He heard the prophecy ( भविष्य वाणी) that was made when he was an infant. So one day he called for the Dewan and asked him to arrange  tiger hunting for him. He succeeded in his mission and killed the tiger. He put the carcass (dead body) of the tiger before the astrologers and asked," What do you say now?" The astrologers said that his highness (महाराज) might kill ninety nine tigers in same manner, still he should be beware of the hundredth tiger. " Now the Tiger King issued a proclamation that he would attend all matters after he had killed the hundredth tiger. He also announced that no one in the state was allowed to hunt tigers except the Maharaja. If anyone disobeyed the order, his property will be confiscated ( जब्त करना).  But once he faced a terrible challenge when a high ranked officer desired for tiger hunt. But the king disallowed him. Now the king was in danger of losing his throne if the English officer got angry. So he called a British jeweller from Calcutta and ordered him to make fifty diamond rings. He sent all these rings to the wife of the English officer in hope that she would take two or three rings and send back the rest of rings. But she kept all the rings and sent a letter of thanks. In this way the Maharaja had to spent three lakhs of rupees , but he was happy that his throne was saved.  By now the king had killed seventy tigers. Now there were no tigers left in his kingdom. So he called the Dewan and asked him to search a kingdom which had plenty of forests and a young princess . His intention was to get married to the princess of a state which boasted of a plenty of tigers. Soon the tiger King found a suitable match in a neighborhood state . Whenever the tiger King went his father-in-law's home, he killed five or six tigers . Thus he killed ninety nine tigers. Now problem arose. All the tigers in his father-in-law's kingdom also had been killed. Still the hundredth tiger was left to kill. He called the Dewan to arrange the tiger or he would lose his job . The Dewan and his wife brought an old tiger from People's Park in Madras and left it in the forest. The tiger King shot the tiger and ordered to bring it to the palace in a grand procession. When the hunters went near the tiger, they saw that it was alive. They dare not tell the king that he missed the aim. So the hunters shot and killed the tiger and brought it to the town in a grand procession. The king was happy that he had achieved his target . It was the third birthday of his son. He decided to give a tiger toy as a birthday gift to his son. From the market, he purchased a toy tiger. The toy was made by an unskilled carpenter. It had many slivers over its surface. One day he was playing with his son . One of the slivers pierced through his hand. Soon the infection spread in the hand. Three famous surgeons of the state operated upon the king . Ironically, surgeons declared," The operation is successful, the king is dead. " Thus the hundredth tiger took its revenge on the king , though it was a wooden tiger. The story is a fiction . It has an element of humour also which makes the readers rock with laughter.

                           (Notes from Baljit Singh)

___________________________________

Short Answer type Questions

Q1. Who is the tiger King? Why is he called tiger King?

Ans- The Maharaja of Pratibandhapuram is called the tiger King. When he was born, the astrologers announced that he would be killed by a tiger. That's why he is called the tiger King

Q2. What miracle ( चमत्कार) took place when the tiger King was born/ or What miracle is associated with the tiger king's birth?

Ans. It is said that the tiger King spoke in a clear voice when he was only ten days old .

Q3. What proclamation did the tiger King make about tiger hunting in his state?

Ans- He proclaimed that no other than the king would kill a tiger in his state. If anyone disobeyed the order his property would be confiscated.(जब्त करना)

Q4. Why did he think that his reign was in danger?
Ans- A British High ranking officer wanted to hunt a tiger or at least to have a photograph with the dead tiger. But the tiger King did not allow him. But later on he realised that the Officer might retaliate (बदला लेना) on him. Thus he feared losing his throne .

Q5. Why did the tiger King marry to the princess of a neighborhood kingdom?

Ans. The tiger King wanted to achieve his target of killing hundred tigers. But in his kingdom all tigers had been killed. He was still away from his target . So he decided to marry the princess of a neighborhood kingdom so that he might get tigers in dowry and he achieve his target.

Q6-. How did the hundredth tiger take his revenge on the king? Or
How did the tiger King die?
Ans. It was the third birthday of his son. The king wanted to give a special birthday gift to his son. He went to a toy shop. There he saw a toy tiger.  The toy was made by an unskilled craftsman. It had many slivers on its surface. When the king was playing with his son, one of the slivers pierced through his hand. It caused infection in his hand. The doctors performed the operation, but the tiger King died. In this way the hundredth tiger took his revenge and the  King died.
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Comprehension (Indigo by Louis Fischer)

# Stay Home, Stay Safe#
Fight Corona Virus
Keep Social distancing.
---------------------------------------------------
     Passage-1

He had gone to the December 1916 annual convention of the Indian National Congress party in Lucknow. There were 2301 delegates and many visitors. During the proceedings, Gandhi recounted,"A peasant came up to me looking like any other peasant in India, poor and emaciated, and said," I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran , and I want you to come to my district !" Gandhi had never heard of the place. It was in the foothills of the towering Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal .

Difficult words- convention- अधिवेशन, delegates- प्रतिनिधि मंडल, proceedings- कार्यवाही,  recounted- याद किया, emaciated- very lean and thin (दुबला पतला) , peasant- किसान, towering- very large (विशालकाय)

Q1. Who does 'he' refer to in the passage?
Ans 'He' refers to Rajkumar Shukla. He was a poor peasant.

Q2. When did the annual convention of National Congress Party take place and where?
Ans It took place in 1916 in Lucknow.

Q3. How many delegates attend the convention?
Ans- 2301 delegates attended the convention.

Q4. Where did Rajkumar Shukla belong?
Ans He belonged to Champaran?

Q5. Where is  Champaran situated? Had Gandhi heard of this place?

Ans Champaran is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas. Gandhi had not heard of this place.
Q6-. Find the word from the passage which has same meaning as ''very large'.
Ans - very large- towering.

----------------------------------------------------

Comprehension ( Rattrap)

#Stay home,Stay Safe#
( only medicine to fight Corona).

Read the passage and answer the questions-

1. Once upon a time there was a man who went around selling small rattraps of wire. He made them himself at odd moments, from the material he got by begging in stores or at the big farms. But even so, the business was not especially profitable, so he had to resort to both begging and petty thievery to keep body and soul together. Even so, his clothes were in rags, his cheeks were sunken, and hunger gleamed in his eyes.

Difficult words- rattrap-चूहेदानी,  odd moments- spare time ( अतिरिक्त समय), Resort- support (here), Petty- small,  to keep body and soul together- to sustain ( जीवित रहना), in rags- worn and torn ( फटे पुराने)' gleamed -( it is second form of gleam which means चमकना) परन्तु यहाँ इसका अर्थ है - दिखना)

Questions-
 1. How did the man make rattraps?
2. When did he make rattraps?
3. Was his business profitable?
4. What did he do to sustain himself?
5. Which words or phrases in the passage indicate that he was very poor ?

Ans- 1. He made rattraps from the material he got  begging in old stores or at the big farms.
2. He made them at odd moments.
3. No, his business was not pofitable.
4. He resort to begging or petty thievery to sustain himself.
5. His clothes were in rags. His cheeks were sunken. Hunger gleamed in his eyes.

_____________________________________________
Passage 2.

He had naturally been thinking of his rattraps when suddenly he was struck by the idea that the whole world about him- the whole world with its lands and seas, its cities and villages- was nothing but a big Rattrap. It had never existed for any other purpose than to set baits for people. It offered riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing, exactly as the rat trap offered cheese and pork, and as soon as anyone let himself be tempted to touch the bait, it enclosed on him, and then everything came to an end.

Difficult words- struck by the idea - idea came to his mind( उसके मन मेंं विचार आया) , bait- food used to trap a fish, rat or any other animal( किसी मछली ,चूहे या अन्य पशु को फँसाने के लिए प्रयोग किया गया भोजन), pork- meat of pig, tempt - ( प्रलोभित करना)

Questions
1.What idea came to his mind ? Who was he?
2. What are the temptations in the world that serve as a bait to trap a noble man? (संसार मेंं कौन से प्रलोभन हैं जो एक नेक इन्सान को फँसाने का काम करते हैं?)
3. What is used as a bait to tempt a fish?
4. How is this world a big Rattrap?
5. Find out from the passage the word which means' a device for catching rats'.
_____________________________________________
Ans. 1. The idea came to his mind that the whole world about him was a big Rattrap. He was a peddler.

2. All the worldly things like riches, joy, food, clothing etc. serve as a bait to trap a noble man.

3. Pork and cheese

4. Just as a rat is trapped when it touches the piece of pork or cheese, similarly a noble man is tempted by worldly things and loses his goodness. In this way, this world is a big rattrap.

5.Rattrap.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
                     Passage 3.

The old man was just as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco. The guest was informed at once that in his days of prosperity his host had been a crofter at Ramsjo Ironworks and had worked on the land. Now that he was no longer able to do day labour, it was his cow which supported him. Yes, that bossy was extraordinary. She could give milk for the creamery every day, and last month he had received all of thirty kronor in payment.

Word meanings- Generous- kind( दयालु) , porridge. हलवा, prosperity- richness (समृद्धि), crofter- a person who has a small family farm ( छोटे फार्म का मालिक), bossy- cow, extraordinary- strange( अद्वितीय, बेमिसाल). Creamery - a place where cream is extracted from milk.( वह स्थान जहाँ दूध से क्रीम निकाला जाता है), kronor- currency of Sweden and Iceland( स्वीडन देश की मुद्रा)

Q 1. Who was the old man? How did he welcome the guest?(बूढ़ा व्यक्ति कौन था?  उसने मेहमान का स्वागत कैसे किया?)

Ans. The old man was a crofter. He lived alone in a wayside cottage. He welcomed the guest with porridge and tobacco.

Q2 Who is the guest referred to in this passage.

Ans- The Rattrap seller is the guest referred to here.

Q3. Where did the host work once?
Ans He worked at Ramsjo Ironworks.

Q4. How did the crofter sustain himself financially?

Ans- The crofter had a cow. He sold the milk to a creamery . Thus he supported himself financially.

Q5. How much money did the crofter earn by selling milk last month?
Ans- Thirty Kronor.

Q6- Find the word from the passage which is similar in meaning to ''cow"?
Ans- Bossy.

_____________________________________________
                   Passage 4.

"Please don't think that I have such a funf home that you cannot show yourself there." He said.... "Elizabeth is dead, as you may have already heard. My boys are abroad, and there is no one at home except my eldest daughter and myself. We were just saying that it was too bad we don't have any company for Christmas. Now come along with me and help us make the Christmas food disappear a little faster." But the stranger said no, and no, and the ironmaster saw the he must give in

Word meanings- abroad - in a foreign country (विदेश में) , give in- हार मान लेना।

Q1. Who is the narrator in this passage? To whom is he speaking?

Ans The narrator is the ironmaster. He is speaking to the peddler.

Q2. What did the speaker say about his wife and children?

Ans- He said that his wife had already died and his children lived in a foreign country.

Q3. Was the narrator alone in his house?
Ans - No the narrator was not alone. His eldest daughter lived with him.

Q4. What invitation did the narrator offer to the stranger? Who was the stranger?
Ans- The narrator invited the stranger to stay with him over the Christmas Eve and have food. The stranger was a peddler. He sold rattraps.

Q5. Did the stranger accept the narrator's invitation?
Ans- The stranger did not accept the invitation.

Q6-. Find out the word from the passage which means "to surrender" or accept the defeat"
 Ans- Give in.

____________________________________________

The Pronoun ( level classes 6-8) by Manju

Students today we shall learn about ' The Pronoun). Pronoun को हिन्दी में सर्वनाम कहते हैं।

What is a pronoun? Describe its types.

Ans- The Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun in a sentence. ( सर्वनाम वह शब्द है जो वाक्य में संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
Types-
1. Personal pronouns
2. Interrogative pronouns
3. Relative pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns
5. Distributive pronouns
6. Indefinite pronouns
7. Reflexive pronouns
8. Reciprocal pronouns
9. Emphatic pronouns.
---------+---+----------------------
1.Personal Pronouns-

Let's see the following sentences-
a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) Rohit reads in sixth class.
c)  Rohit's mother is a teacher.
d) I like Rohit.

उपरोक्त वाक्यों में Rohit( जो कि संज्ञा है)  का बार बार प्रयोग हुआ है। इस repetition ( बार बार प्रयोग) को रोकने के लिए हम pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं क्योंकि बार बार एक ही शब्द का प्रयोग अच्छा नहीं लगता।

उपरोक्त वाक्योंं में Rohit के स्थान पर pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं जैसे-

a) Rohit is a good boy.
b) He reads in sixth class.
c)  His mother is a teacher.
d)  I like him.

उपरोक्त वाक्यों मेंं रोहित एक personal noun है। इसके स्थान पर He , his या him का प्रयोग किया गया है। अतः personal Noun के स्थान पर जो pronoun use किए जाते हैं, उन्हें personal pronoun कहते हैं।
Personal pronouns तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।

1- First person pronouns-  I, We
2- Second person pronouns- You
3- Third person pronouns- He, she, it, they.

Forms of personal pronouns-

1.Subjective   2. Possessive 3. Objective
------------------------------------------------------------
     I.                       My, mine               Me
    We                    our, ours.              Us
     You.                 Your, yours .          You
     He                    His.                         Him
     She                   Her, hers               Her
      They               Their, theirs          Them
      It                       its                           It
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Functions of personal pronouns.

1. Subjective case is used as ''subject"
2. Possessive case is used to indicate the possession or relation.
3. Objective case is used as " object".

Exercise for students-1

Fill in the blanks using personal pronouns
1. She is .....sister.(me, my)
2. Ravi is going to Delhi to see ...... brother.(he,his,him)
3. I don't like......( they, their,them)
4. .....father is a wise man.
5. I don't need.... ( you,your,yours)
6. It is......(I, my,me)
7. My father brought some books. He gave.....to me. (It ,they,them,its)
Exercise no. 2.
Fill in the blanks using appropriate personal pronoun-
1. ......gave .....a book.
2. What is.......name?
3. ------ is a book.
4. Do ....like me?
5. ....brother is a player. She likes......
6. ........have done your best.
7. She  visited ....mother yesterday.
8. Will.......like to have this book?
9. Why are...... asking us for mercy?
10 Where is....brother today?
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2. Interrogative pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)
   Pronoun used for asking questions.
   Example- who, whose,whom,which,that

Note-1. who,whose,whom का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों के लिए, what का प्रयोग वस्तुओं के लिए तथा which का प्रयोग व्यक्ति या वस्तु दोनों के लिए किया जाता है।
2. Which का प्रयोग selection के लिए किया जाता है।
3. Who का प्रयोग subject के रूप मेंं।
4.  Whose का प्रयोग possessive रूप में।
5.  Whom का प्रयोग object के रूप में किया जाता है।
Example-
 Who teaches you English?
  Which is your book?
  Whom do you like?
   Whose book is this?
  What is your father?

Exercise -2 for Students-

Fill in the blanks using appropriate interrogative Pronoun

1. ....is your father?
2. ........are your books?
3. .........do you like?
4. .....one is your gift?
5. ......is your bag?
6. ....book is this?
7.  ..... brother is he?
8. .......shirt is costly?
9. .......did you meet?
10. ........friends were those?
---------------------------------------------------
3. Relative pronouns (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम)- ये pronoun दो वाक्यों को जोड़ता है तथा अपने से पहले आने वाली noun से सम्बन्ध व्यक्त करता है।
Example- Who, whose,whom,that, which
Hint- for persons - we use who, whose, whom.
For things- we use which, that

I know the boy who broke the window.
I met the boy whose father is an M.P.
He gave me the book which he purchased yesterday.

Exercise for students-

Fill in the blanks using appropriate Relative Pronouns.(who, whom, whose, which, that)

1. He did not sell the car........... he purchased last year.
2. I know the man.........mother died in the accident.
3. It is she ..... is at fault.
4. Eat all..... is served to you.
5. Fine all..... are the wrong-doers.
6. Please show the present.....I liked yesterday.
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4. Demonstrative Pronouns:-

Modals (Should, Must, Ought to) slight difference by Manju

#Stay at Home, Stay Safe

There is very minute difference in use of these modals.

Should /Ought/Must

1. Should is used to give advice ( सलाह देने के लिए) or to express  Moral duty (नैतिक कर्तव्य)  व्यक्त करने के लिए -: जैसे-:
 We should help the poor. (हमें गरीब की सहायता करनी चाहिए।)  ये हमारी नैतिक जिम्मेदारी है ।
We should respect the elders .
इसी प्रकार से Ought to का प्रयोग भी Advice or moral duty को Express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
We can say-

We ought to help the poor.
अतः should and ought to are used in nearly the same sense.

But when we use negative, we prefer shouldn't to' ought not to'
जैसे हम कहते हैं- You shouldn't play in the street.( तुम्हें गली मेंं नहीं खेलना चाहिए।)
We can't say-
You ought not to play in the street.
परन्तु इस वाक्य में हम must not use कर सकते हैं। परन्तु तब इसका अर्थ थोड़ा भिन्न हो जाता है। If we say-You must not play in the street . ( It means the speaker is very serious and action can be taken). यहाँ speaker जोरदार ढंग से मनाही कर रहा है और पालना न करने पर सख्त कार्यवाही की जा सकती है।
So use of these modals express different attitudes.

Emphatic advice / compulsion जोरदार सलाह या विवशता को व्यक्त करने के लिए must का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे-:
You must follow the rules of road.
We must respect the National Flag.
We must act according to the guidelines issued by the government.

2. ऐसे वाक्यों में should का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है जिनमें lest आया हो। जैसे-:
Walk fast lest you should miss the train. (तेज चलो कहीं ऐसा ना हो कि तुम्हारी गाड़ी छूट जाए।)
Work hard lest you should fail.

3. कभी कभी यदि के रूप में भी should का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे,

Should you go to market, bring some medicine for me.
(यदि आप बाजार में जाओ तो मेरे लिए दवाई लाना।)
उपरोक्त वाक्य में should के स्थान पर if का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

4. अनुमान के आधार पर निष्कर्ष निकालने के लिए-:
    The fan is running. Someone should be there.(पंखा चल रहा है, वहाँ कोई होना चाहिए।)
 इस वाक्य मेंं must का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। लेकिन तब certaintity बढ़ जाती है। तब अर्थ यह होता है कि वक्ता को पक्का यकीन है कि वहां कोई न कोई अवश्य है। लेकिन जरूरी नहीं है कि पंखे के चलने का सम्बन्ध किसी के होने से हो। हो सकता है कि कोई गल्ती से पंखा चलता हुआ छौड़ गया हो या किसी और कारण से। अतः इस वाक्य में should का प्रयोग ज्यादा सही है।

परन्तु यदि तथ्य के आधार पर निष्कर्ष है तो Must is used . जैसे -:

The crime branch is in search of the Molana. He must have committed a grave crime .( अपराध शाखा मौलाना की तलाश मेंं है, उसने कोई गंभीर अपराध किया होगा।)
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Exercise for practice-
Use should/ought to/must

1.  We...... love the neighbours.
2.  Children---- respect the elders.
3.  Parliament..... make strict rules against the criminals.
4.  We ...... honour the Tricolour.
5. People .......  stay at home to defeat the pandemic.
6. Students..... not waste their time.
7. Ozon layer..... be protected to minimise green house effect.
8. You..........to keep distancing in order to be safe from corona virus.
9. The UNO .... punish China for concealing the pandemic from the world.
10 ........you go to Delhi, see the Lotus temple.
11. The troops are moving to border. The war.............. have stated between the two countries.
12. There is dead silence inside the house.  The family........ have gone in a marriage.
13.  You........ not sit idle.
14. Road rules.........be followed.
15. You........to bring up your children nicely.

Modals (may, might) by Manju.

In my last post you read about can, and could. Today I will discuss with you to use May, Might.

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Use of May:-

1. Possibility (सम्भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए ) जैसे-
     --- It may rain today . (आज वर्षा हो सकती है)
       -- The train may arrive anytime. (  गाडी किसी समय आ सकती है।)
2. Wish ( कामना करने के लिए) जैसे-
    - May you live long! (भगवान करे तुम्हारी आयु लम्बी हो)
3. Permission (अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए)-
     - May I come in , sir?
      - Yes, you may.

Use of Might-

1. Least possibility ( बहुत कम सम्भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) जैसे-:
     - He is seriously ill, doctors might save him.( वह बहुत बीमार है, हो सकता है डाक्टर उसे बचा लें ( लेकिन कम सम्भावना है).
2. Past of may (may का past form) जैसे:-

  He prayed that he might live long .
  He said that it might rain .

3. Assumption ( अनुमान लगाने के लिए)
    जैसे-
    The fun is running, someone might be inside the room .

4. In conditional sentences-
    If you broke the rules, you .... be arrested.

Exercise -: Fill in the blanks using 'may' or ''might'

1.  It is cloudy , it.....  rain anytime.
2.  He...... win this year if God willing.
3.  He prayed that God...... help me.
4.   There were loud noises from the nearby         house, something bad ..have happened.
5.     You ...win scholarship if you get atleast   75% marks.
6.     The corona virus ......cause a big loss of life if govt did not take strict steps.
7.     ...I come in, sir? Yes, you......
8.     Misfortune... come anytime.
9.      It .....downpour this year
10. He said that sensex ..... fall due to lockdown.
  
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Write in your note book and solve the exercise.
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Modals (By Manju) classes 9-10 level

Shall, Should, Will, Would, May, Might, Can, Could, Must, Ought to, Used to, Dare, Need

इन्हें modal auxiliary कहते हैं।

Modals के बारे मे कुछ विशेष बातें-

1. इन्हें मुख्य क्रियाओं के रूप में प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
2. ये कर्ता के वचन तथा लिंंग के अनुसार नही बदलते।
3. Modal से पहले to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
4. इनके साथ ING का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
5. इनके साथ हमेशा verb की पहली फोर्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Use of modals-
(1.) Can- a)योग्य प्रकट करने के लिए-
Example-
1. I can drive a car .
2. He can read without spectacles.
3. I can not speak French but I can speak English.
b) Possibility (सम्भावना)
 Example- Accidents can happen to anyone.
c) Permission (इजाजत देने के लिए)
Example-You can come with me.
(2.)Could
It is used in following cases-
१. Can का past जैसे- He said that he could win the prize.
२. Past ability भूतकाल की किसी योग्यता को प्रकट करने के लिए। I could swim hours when I was young. अर्थात , जब मैं युवा था तो घण्टों तैर सकता था।(लेकिन अब नहीं तैर सकता)
३.Humble request( अर्थात विनयपूर्वक प्रार्थना को व्यक्त करने के लिए) हालांकि ऐसे वाक्यों मेंं would का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।
जैसे- Could you tell me the time? (क्या आप मुझे समय बताने का कष्ट करेंगे?)
४. Could can be used in conditional sentences.
Example
a) He could get good marks if he worked hard.(यदि वह परिश्रम करता तो अधिक अंक प्राप्त कर सकता था)

Exercise 1.  Fill in the blanks using can/could

a) My sister ........... read without spectacles.
b) I................ run ten kilometres in one hour when I was young.
c) Anyone ..........make mistakes.
d) I am ill, so I .........  go to school.
e) I was ill, so I ..........go to school.
f) ........you lend me some money?
g) You........... not go until you finish your work.
h) A lion .........not eat grass.
I) My late grandfather.........read without spectacles.
j) My teacher told me that I......get scholarship.
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Complete the blanks and show to your teacher .
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अब उत्तर मिलाओ-

a.can b.could, c. can  d)can e). Could f) could g) can, h) can i) could j) could.

The Third Level ( lesson for 12th)

#Stay Home ,Stay Safe#

5/5/2020




The Third Level by
                Jack Finney
Explanation by Baljit Singh

Summary-:

The Third Level explains how modern man is affected by complexity of life, tension, worry and war. He has no leisure time for himself which affects his mental condition. In rat race of accumulating more and more money man has become mechanical which tells upon his physical as well as his mental health. This is what happens to Charley.

Charley is a 31 year old business  man who travels hundreds of miles daily from his home to office. He travels by train. He takes train from the Grand Central Station which has two levels. But one day Charlie finds a third level also . He tells his psychiatric friend Sam about the third level. His friend tells him that there are only two levels and the third level is nothing but a waking dream wish fulfilment . It was due to insecurity, fear, war and worry. Sam advises Charley not to look for the third level again. But Charley insists that he has visited the third level. He says that one day he was in a hurry to reach home earlier . So he decided to take the sub way. There he saw new corridors which led him to a 1890 type of station where everything was old type, the locomotives, the ticket windows, spittoons, lamps and even currency. He wanted to purchase two tickets for Galesburg. He had with him bills of modern currency. The booking clerk did not accept them . So Charley came back and got exchanged some old style bills to purchase tickets for Galesburg. But he did not find the third level again . His wife got worried about him and advised him not to look for the third level again. One day an amazing thing happened to him.  He was looking among his oldest first-day covers. There he found one that had been mailed to his grandfather 's address at Galesburg. The post mark showed July 18, 1894. The paper inside it was not blank. It had a note from his psychiatric friend, Sam. Sam had written to Charlie that he also saw the third level. He saw that the people were dancing and playing music. It was  very pleasant there. Why Sam wrote to Charlie is very mysterious and has many interpretations.
__________________________________&__________SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. What does the third level refer to? Or
Do you think the third level was a medium of escape for Charley?
Ans- The third level exists only in Charley's mind or in his imagination. It is a medium of escape from reality. In fact, the modern man has become so busy in earning wealth that he has no time for himself. It creates tension, worry and war. In order to escape from reality, modern man resorts to fantasy. This is what happens to Charley. He travels hundreds of miles daily in train from The Grand Central in New York which has two levels. But Charley wants to reach home soon. So he imagines the third level also. His psychiatrist friend Sam tells him that it was his waking dream wish fulfilment.

Q2. What do you mean by a waking dream wish fulfillment? Or
   How did Charley'' psychiatric friend Sam react when he told him about the third level at the Grand Central Station?

Ans- Waking dream wish fulfillment means day dreaming or fulfillment of a wish in dreams or escape from reality. Sam told Charley that modern world is full of fear, worry and war. So everyone wants to escape from reality.

Q3. Who was Sam Weisner?
Ans. He was Charley's psychiatric friend.

Q4. What do you mean by the first day cover?
Ans. Usually when a new stamp is issued, the stamp collectors buy some of them and fix them on the envelopes mailed to themselves. The post mark on them proves the date. Such covers are called as first day covers.

Q5- What did Sam write in his letter? Why did he post it to Charley's grandfather's address in Galesburg ?

Ans- Sam wrote to Charley that he was right. He himself had also visited the third level . There everything was fine. People were happy. He heard that someone was playing on flute. Sam had posted it to the address of Charley's grandfather for two reasons. Firstly,  he wanted to convince Charley that third level really existed. Secondly, as a  psychiatrist he wanted to create the situation where Charley finds himself normal.

Q6-. What unusual things did Charley see at the third level? (Very Important)

Ans-: Charley saw many unusual things at the third level. He saw old type of locomotives and  ticket windows. He saw open gas lights and big brass spittoons on the floor. Even the currency was old style as was used in 1890. 

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THE ARTICLES. (Distance Learning at Home)

#Stay home,Stay safe# Fight Corona Virus
Follow Lockdown Rules.

Updated 2/5/2020




Usually we divide articles in two groups-

1.Indefinite Article- A, An are indefinite articles. They are used before singular countable nouns.
Example-  a book, a dog, an apple, a university, an interesting story etc.

 A' is used before those singular nouns which start from the 'CONSONANT SOUND'
AN' is used before those singular nouns which start from the' VOWEL SOUND'

Examples-
  --A----- one-eyed boy
  --A------- fat boy.
----A-----unique story.
-----An---umbrella
---A----European
----A-----University
----A-----unanimous vote.
----An-----honest boy

We do not use indefinite  article in following cases-
1) before plural nouns-   A boys - A is wrong
ii) before material nouns-   air ,water, wool, iron, gold, bronze, wood, silver, etc.
     ---x--- Air is essential for life. Here article is not used before air. Similarly-
---x--- Water is very valuable.
 --x-- Gold is a precious metal.
But if material noun is used in some specific sense we  use article-'the' as explained in latter sentences.
The Gold used in this ring is very special.
वह सोना जो इस अंगुठी  मेंं प्रयोग किया गया है वह बहुत स्पेशल है।( हम विशेष की बात कर रहे हैं।)
Similarly
We say
Water is essential for life. Water से पहले artical is not used क्योंकि सामान्य बात हो रही है।but if we say- इस जग मेंं रखा पानी बहुत ठंडा है।
The water in this jug is very chilled. Here we talk of a particular water . So 'the' is used before it.


iii) lunch, breakfast, dinner आदि से पहले कोई article नहीं लगाया जाता। परन्तु विशेष भोजन होतो article the लगाया जाता है।
उदाहरण-i) I usually do not take ---x----- lunch.
 ii) We arranged --x--- dinner for the guest.
iii).  They came to me when I was taking--x-- breakfast.
IV) खेल के नाम से पहले भी कोई आर्टिकल नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे- ---x--- Football is an expensive game.
But if we use match with football, then 'a'
Article is used.e.g.
I) I saw a football match.
5 बीमारियों के नाम से पहले Artical नहीं लगाया जाता है।
जैसे-
 --- Cancer is a fatal disease.
   He suffers from --- Malaria.
6. College, school, hospital आदि के नाम से पहले कोई artical नहीं लगाया जाता यदि इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया गया हो। for example-
He goes to ...x....school daily. He is a student.
Yesterday I didn't go to ----x ...college.
The patient was taken to ..x...hospital

But if we use them in particular sense or for a particular purpose, we use Artical' the' before them. For example-

I went to the hospital to see my friend who was admitted there.

7. Difference between the English and English
The English are hardworking people.
English is an easy language.





2. Definite Article - 'The ' is called definite article. It is used before those nouns which are specified or unique or which have been mentioned earlier.
Example-  The Earth moves round the sun.
The following things carry article the before them.
1. Name of Newspapers:-
  The Tribune is published from Chandigarh.
 Similarly , The Times of India, The Hindu, The Economic Times, The National Herald.
2.  Name of Magazines:-
    The Review, The Debonair, The Pratiyogita Darpan, The Competition Sucess.
3. The names of Rivers
 The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Satluz
4 The names of Mountains:-
The Himalayas, The Vindhyachal
5 The names of Oceans-:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean.
6. Before the names of heavenly bodies
Example- the sun, the moon, the earth etc
7 दिशाओं के नाम से पहले यदि preposition हो- जैसे:-
In the east, in the north etc. लेकिन यदि preposition न हो तो article नहीं लगाया जाता।
जैसे:- East or West home is the best.
8. Before the names of trains, ships, airlines
Example- The Frontier Mail, The Satabdi Express, The Indian Airlines, The Taj Express, The Vikrant,
9 Before the names of dams
Example - The Bhakta Dam, The Sardar Sarovar Dam
10 Before the names of Islands , deserts and canals
Example.,- The Andaman Nicobar Islands, the Sahara Desert, the Thar Desert, the Panama Canal, The Nehru Canal
11. Religious books
 The Gita, the Ramayan, The Bible
12  Nations- The English  अंग्रेज लोग
 The French  फ्रांसीसी लोग। यहाँ अन्तर जानिए :- यदि article न लगाया जाए तो अर्थ बदल जाता है:-
I like English , it means I like English language.
If I say , I like the English. It means I like the English people.
13. Historical places-
The Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, The Golden Temple
14 Political Parties.
The Bhartiya Janta Party, The Congress, The Lok Dal
15 Historical events, battles etc
The battle of Plassey, the battle of Panipat, the battle of Waterloo
16.  In such phrases
In the morning, in the evening , in the afternoon.
But we say -:  at noon, at night, at day break etc
17 Superlative degree:- the best, the strongest, the most intelligent .
 Sometimes we use 'the' before comparative degrees of adjective -:
Example:- The higher you go, the cooler it becomes.जितना ऊपर जाएंगे, उतनी ही ठंड बढेगी।
The more, the merrier.
The older he grew, the worse he became. In these sentences we see that there is comparison between two states of degrees.
18. All व  both के बाद तथा whole, same से पहले - जैसे,-
All the boys are present in the class.
The whole class was present.
19.  Cardinal numbers
 The first, the second, the third ...
20. प्राय व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा से पहले article नहीं लगता, लेकिन पूरे कुल को बताने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग करते हैं। The Sharmas, the Bhakers, the Guptas  The Nehrus etc.
Note- sometimes, article 'a' is used before a proper noun . Example
A Rajeev was asking for you.  इस वाक्य का अर्थ यह है कि (एक राजीव नाम का व्यक्ति आपको पूछ रहा था।)
यहाँ स्पष्ट है कि वक्ता राजीव को नहीं जानता।
कई बार proper nounको common noun बनाने के लिए article 'the' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:-
Kalidas is called the Shakespeare of India .

Exercise 1 for students.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate article where necessary-:

a) It is not .... easy task
b) My mother gave me .... ten rupee note
c)  I bought two...…. inkpots.
d)  ... Gita is holy book of .... Hindus.
e).  ... Gita is ... intelligent girl .
f) .... Indian Express is very popular these days.
g) My friend Sita is .... very honest girl
h) Rahul is not .... honest boy .
I) He goes to ...... University for higher studies.
j) This is .......  unique place
k) .....higher you go,...... cooler it becomes.
l)  I don't know ...... boy who came to the office yesterday.
m) .... Sun sets in.,...West.
n) They played on .....bank of ....Yamuna.
o) He came to me at..... noon .
p) .....Diwali is a festival of ... Hindus.
q) I met ....... European boy .
r) ......girl in red is my sister .
s) ......older he grows,........wiser he becomes.
t) ......rich should help......poor.

Ans 1an,b)a,c)x,d)the, the,e)X, an f), the g),a,h) an, I)a, j)a k) the, the l) the m) the, the, n) the,X o) X p) the, the q) a r) The,s) The, the t) The, the.

Exercise 2

1 I go to......school daily .I read in 12th class .
2. My father sometimes visits.....school to see the Principal.
3. He gave me...... five rupee note
4. It was .... Unique story.
5. He purchased ... new house.
6 . She is .... intelligent girl.
7.  I go  to.... temple daily.
8.  Sugar is sold forty rupees...kilo
9. My father brought ... basket of....eggs
10. I saw ..... European girl.

Note . Write the answers and show your teacher.

Should Wizard Hit Mommy

Q1. What moral issue does the lesson raise?
  Or
How does Jo want the story to end and why? Or
 An adult's perspective is different from that of a child. Why?

And - The story "Should Wizard Hit Mommy" raises a deep moral issue. It explains the two perspectives (नजरिया) of our thinking - one is the view of the adults which is realistic(वास्तविक वादी) and rational (तर्कसंगत), the second is of the children which is idealistic (आदर्श वादी) and imaginary. In the story Jo's father embodies (प्रतिरूप) the first view while she represents the second one. She is not happy with the ending of the story because she has now started asking questions and she doesn't take everything for granted.  She believes  that the wizard had done nothing wrong by providing smell of roses to Skunk. He had acted according to Roger Skunk's will (इच्छा) and he should have been rewarded  for this. But
contrary (विपरीत)to this, he is reprimanded (प्रताड़ित करना) and hit by Jo's Mommy. Now Jo is not an infant and she rationalises (तर्क करती है) with her father and wants the story end other way round in which the wizard should have hit Mommy.

Q - What impression do you form of Jack as a father?

Ans- Jack is a loving father. He loves his little daughter very much. He daily tells her a story  in the evening and for Saturday naps . He invents daily a new story with some variations.(भिन्नता). The character of his story is always a small creature "Roger" with some problems. The animal goes to the wise old owl for solutions. The owl then sends the animal to the wizard. The wizard makes magic spell with his magic wand (छड़ी) and the problem is solved. The purpose of Jack's story is only to amuse his daughter . As a story teller Jack is successful. He creates interest in his story. His daughter keeps waiting his home coming. But sometimes he can't justify with the ending of his story. When Jo tries to ask questions about the ending of the story, he can't satisfy her. Like all elders , he wants the youngers to follow their elders with respect. That's why he doesn't want Jo to form a negative view of her Mommy. He says that Mommy is always right, however he can't give a solid reason.  In brief, we can say that Jack is a loving father, a devoted husband and a good story teller. We praise him.
___________________________________________
Short And Type Questions-:

Q1.  Who is Jo? How does she respond to her father's story telling?

And. Jo is a little girl. She is now 4 years old and has started going to a nursery school. She started listening stories from her father when she was two years old.In the beginning she agreed whatever her father told her. But now she has become very inquisitive. She asks wise questions to make  her point clear. For example she would ask ," Are magic spells real?" Or "Is God really in sky? "  She doesn't agree with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should have hit Mommy back on her head. Jack does not like her questioning. He wants that she should listen whatever he tells and go to sleep. But she doesn't take everything for granted. ( परन्तु वह बिना तर्क हर बात को स्वीकार नहीं करती). She has developed a different perspective.

Q2.Why does Jack insist that it was the wizard that was hit and not the mother?

And -: Jack tries to convey the message that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. They should never ask questions about what their elders do or say.  That's why he insists that mommy was right when she hit the wizard. However, he fails to justify his statement.

Q3. What makes Jack feel caught in an ugly middle position?
And. Jack tells Jo a story in which Roger Skunk's Mommy hits the wizard without any reason. Jo thinks that the wizard should have hit Mommy back. But Jack tries to convey that elders are always right and it is the duty of children to obey them. He insists that Mommy was right when she hit the wizard but he fails to justify his statement.Thus he feels caught in an ugly middle position.

Q4:- Why did Roger Skunk go in search of the wizard? Or What was Roger Skunk's problem? Where did he go to solve the problem?

And. Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals run away from him.  The old wise owl told him that the wizard could help him. So he went to the wizard to solve his problem.

Q5 How did the wizard help Roger Skunk?
And:-  The wizard took a magic wand and chanted a  spell. The whole of the room filled with the smell of roses. Roger Skunk ,too, had the smell of roses. His bad smell had gone. He was happy.

Q6-: How did Roger Skunk's mother react when he had smell of roses?

Ans-: Roger Skunk's mother was not happy when her Skunk got the smell of roses. She liked her Skunk in his original smell. She got angry and went to the wizard and hit him on his head. She asked the wizard to revert his spell . The wizard said,"OK" And Roger Skunk smelled very bad again.

Q7:- What is your stance regarding the two endings of the story?

Ans-: I agree with Jo's views.  The wizard should have hit Mommy back on her back. He had acted according to the will of the Skunk. He had done nothing wrong. Why should Mommy hit him.

Some other important questions

1. Why did Roger Skunk go to see old owl?

Ans-: Roger Skunk smelled very bad. All other animals ran away from him  when he went to play with them. So he went to the old wise owl to seek his advice in this regard. 

Q2. What advise do the old wise owl give to the Skunk?

Ans-: The old wise owl advised the Skunk to see the wizard to solve his problem 

Q3. Who was Jack? Where did he work?

Ans-: Jack was little Jo's father . He worked at Boston. He used to tell Jo a story every day. So she eagerly waited him.

Q4 .What had Jack been doing for two years?

Ans-: For two years , Jack had been telling  Jo a story of a little animal, Roger fish or Roger squirrel or Roger Skunk. He told nearly the same story with little variations.

Q5. Was Skunk's mother happy when he got the smell of roses? Why?

Ans-: The Skunk's mother was not happy when he got the smell of roses. She liked his skunk in his original shape. So she went to the wizard and hit him hard on his head. She asked him to make his Skunk smell as he was earlier.

Q6-. Was the Skunk happy when he got the smell of roses? How do you know?

Ans.- Yes , the Skunk was very happy when he got the smell of roses. He went to home jumping with joy. His joy knew no bounds when all  his friends played with him. 
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Journey to the End of the Earth (Tishani Doshi)

  #Stay Home, Stay Safe"
Updated on 11/5/2020



Q1. Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's past, present and future. Comment on this.

Ans- The writer has rightly said that Antarctica is the best place to visit to study the Earth's present, past and future. There are many reasons to believe this. First and the foremost reason is that Antarctica is unaffected by human population and their activities, so it is in its purest state which is favourable to study its past. Secondly, there may be some clues about past in the Antarctica region hidden under the folds of ice. Thirdly, one can wonder how the sheets of thick ice suddenly break and collapse indicating the dangers of global warming and its impact on environment. More over, the atmosphere at the Antarctica is serene and peaceful which indicates the primitive state of our Earth.

Q2. "Take care of small things and the big things will take care of themselves". Comment on the appropriateness of this statement in context with the Antarctica region.

Ans-: This statement is very apt in context with the Antarctica region. In this region, there are single celled plants called as phytoplanktons. These plants are source of food for the marine animals. They synthesize food using carbon-dioxide, water and sun energy. If the growth of these plants is affected , the whole ecological balance in Antarctica region is spoiled. So in order to maintain ecological balance in Antarctica region, we must take care of small things i.e. phytoplanktons.  Secondly, we are using fossil fuels recklessly.  It causes global warming. So we should burn fossil fuels judiciously. By doing so we can aver the danger of global warming.

Q3. The world's geological history is trapped in Antarctica. How is the study of this region useful to us?
Ans-  Refer to Ans. Of question 1.

Q4. What are Geoff Green's reason for including high school students in the "Students on Ice" expedition (अभियान)?
Ans. Geoff Green believes that high school students are important and responsible members of our future generation. They are our future policy makers. They have ability to absorb, learn and act. By their visit to Antarctica, they can understand the real danger of global warming.  In future when they grow up,  they will take important steps to protect the environment and control population explosion. For these reasons, Geoff Green included the students of high school in "Students on Ice" programme.
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Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

Summary of the poem:-
( Analysis by Baljit Singh)
It is a small but beautiful poem written by Adrienne Rich. It is a symbolic poem conveying the message of male dominance . The poem has three stanzas only. The first one explains the tigers which aunt Jennifer has embroidered on the screen. The tigers are walking in the green world with a chivalric pace. They are not afraid of the men sitting beneath the trees. They look like a bright topaz.
   The second stanza explains the influence of uncle's dominant personality on aunt Jennifer. She is suppressed and submissive. She has a great burden of household chorus. She is too weak to pull the needle through her wool. Her hands flutter due to weakness . Her wedding band seems massive for her weak hands.
The third stanza contrasts life and art. It suggests that life is short-lived whereas art is immortal. The tigers which she has made on the panel will go on prancing even after her death . They won't lose their beauty,grace and dignity in coming years but she will lay buried in a grave unknown and forgotten.
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Active and Passive voice (by simple method) high level students

Hello Students! You are waiting for my new post. You have demanded for a post on "Change Voice".

Students, remember that before starting to learn voice, you must have knowledge of tense. At least, you should have knowledge of structure of the tense.
Lets take the verb write and transform it in different tenses and their passive voice.



Some important facts about the rules for changing voice:-

1. Always use V3 (3rd form of verb) in passive voice.
2.  Active voice में कर्ता (subject)प्रधान होता है जबकि passive voice में कर्म( object) प्रधान होता है।
3. Passive voice में by का प्रयोग किया जाता है। परंतु यदि क्रिया करनेवाला agent (subject) understood हो तो by तथा subject का प्रयोग नहींं किया जाता।
जैसे,
People speak English all over the world.
लोग सारे संसार मेंं अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं।
English is spoken all over the world.(by people) (लोगों द्वारा)
सारे संसार में अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
यहां 'by people' लगाना आवश्यक नहीं है।
जल्लाद ने अपराधी को फाँसी दी।
(The executioner hanged the culprit)
 The culprit was hanged (by the executioner)
अपराधी को फाँसी दी गई।
हमें पता है फाँसी किसने दी ,इसलिए by the executioner लगाना आवश्यक नही है।
Similarly ,there are endless sentences in which the subject is understood and it may be omitted in passive voice.

Now tense wise exercises of voice.

1 Present Indefinite Tense
Simple sentences:-

Sub + v1(s,es)+obj. (Active Voice)
Obj.(as sub.) + is/am/are+ v3 + by+ sub.(as obj)

Examples
1. Ravi writes a story.
A story is written by Ravi.
2. She plays football in the ground.
Football is played by her in the ground.
3. Hindus worship goddess Lakshmi.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped by the Hindus.

Negative sentences:-

He does not write a letter. (A.V.)
A letter is not written by him.(P.V.)

They do not answer your question.(A.V.)
Your question is not answered by them.(P.V.

Interrogative Sentences

Do you like coffee?(A.V.)
Is coffee liked by you?(P.V.)

What do you want?(A.V.)
What is wanted by you?(P.V.)

Whom do you like?(A.V.)
Who is liked by you?(P.V.)

How do farmers grow crop?(A.V.)
How is crop grown by farmers?(P.V.)

Exercise for students

Change voice of the following sentences:-

1. You sing a song.
2. I do my work on time.
3. She does not hate children.
4. Some dirty people throw poly bags in streets.
5. Do you dislike the traitors?
6. Do crickets make homes?
7. When does he write a novel?
8. How do you know me?
Note- कुछ verbs के साथ by का प्रयोग न करके किसी अन्य preposition का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे
Know to, interested in, indulged in , contain in, consist in etc.

9. Your story does not interest me.
   (I am not interested in your story)
10. This jug contains milk.

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Present continuous tense:-

Simple sentences,
Sub+ is/am/are+v1+ing+obj.
Obj.+is/am/are+being+v3 + by +sub.(as obj.)

Examples
I am writing a blog.
A blog is being written by me.

They are following me.
I am being followed by them.

Negative sentences,

I am not inviting them on my birthday party.
They are not being invited by me on my birthday party.

The crowd is not shouting slogans on the office gate.
Slogans are not being shouted on the office gate by the crowd

Rich people are not investing money in insurance policies.
Money is not being invested in insurance policies by rich people.

Interrogative sentences:-
Structure:-
Is/am/are+sub+v1 +ing+obj?(a.v.)
Is/am/are +obj.+being+v3 +by+sub?(p.v.)

Wh+is/am/are+sub.+v1+ing+obj?(A.V.)
Wh+is/am/are+obj+being+v3 +by + sub(p.v.)

Are you making good money in business?(a.v.)
Is good money being made in business by you?(p.v.)

What are you doing at this time?
What is being done by you at this time?

How much profit is your company making these days?
How much profit is being made by your company these days?

Exercise

1. They are wasting their time.
2. Sampat is plowing his fields.
3. Rajan is not using pesticides in his crops.
4. Farmers are not selling grain this year.
5. Are students making a noise?
6. Am I not helping you now?
7. How are some farmers using organic compost in their fields?
8. Which books are you purchasing from the book fair?
9.Why are they not liking his posts?
10. How is he making money by selling drugs?

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Present perfect tense

Sub+has/have+v3 +obj. (Active voice)
Obj.+has/have+been+v3 +by+sub.(p.v.)

Examples
Simple sentences:-

He has written a letter.(active voice)
A letter has been written by him.(passive )

Negative sentences:-

He has not completed his work.
His work has not been completed by him.

Interrogative sentences:-

Have you finished that work?
Has that work been finished by you?

What has he brought for you?
What has been brought by him for you?

Why has the government brought population control bill in the parliament?

Why has population control bill been brought in parliament by the government?

Now read the following sentences and change voice

1. The elections have been declared.
(चुनाव घोषित किए जा चुके हैं।)
2. Bio-metric attendance system has been implemented in government offices.
सरकारी कार्यालयो मेंं बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली लागू की जा चुकी है।

Both of the above sentences are written in passive form. चुनाव की घोषणा या बायो मिट्रिक प्रणाली किसने लागू की यह स्पष्ट है। इन्हें active voice मे बदलना है।
In both sentences 'by the government' subject understood है।

1 The government has declared the elections.
2. The government has implemented bio-metric attendance system in government offices.

Exercise for students:-
Change voice:-

1. I have visited Tajmahal many a time.
2. The farmers have sowed seeds by now.
3. Tickets have been checked.
4. All friends have been invited in the party.
5. Has he taken coaching for competitive exam?
6. How much money has he spent for treatment of his wife?
7. Culprits have been arrested within a week.
8. My facebook account has been hacked.
9. Someone has created a fake account.
10. Have you improved your writing skills?
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  PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

STRUCTURE:-

SIMPLE SENTENCE

Sub+v2+obj. ( Active)
Obj.+was/were+v3 +by+sub. (Passive)

He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him.

Negative sentences:-

Sub+ did not+v1+ obj.( Active)
Obj+was/were not+v3 + by +sub.(passive)

He did not write a letter.( Active)
A letter was not written by him.(passive)

Interrogative sentences:-

Did+sub+v1 +obj ?.(active)
Was/were+obj.+ V3 +by+ sub.? (Passive)

Did you write a letter?
Was a letter written by you?(passive)

Some more examples with answers.

1. He made a mistake.
A mistake was made by him.
2 Arun caught the thief.
The thief was caught by Arun.
3.He did not follow rules.
 Rule were not followed by him.
4. Did he win the match?
 Was the match won by him?

Some passive structures in which subject is understood. So it is not used.

The tickets were checked.(टिकटें  चैक की गई।)
यह passie form है। इसका active voice बनाने के लिए understood sub का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
The T.T.E. checked the tickets.
Or
The conductor checked the tickets. Or

जब कर्ता स्पष्ट न हो तो subject ,'someone' लगाया जाता है।
Someone checked the tickets.

Exercise for students

1. He obeyed the teachers.
2. My cousin purchased a car.
3. She invited me on her birthday.
4. I left school last year.
5. You didn't tell the stories.
6. Ashoka founded a big empire.
7. Arun didn't find a good job.
8 Did he obey his parents?
9. Why did you punish the kids?
10. What did you have in breakfast?
11.  Who checked these copies?
12. Tickets were distributed to able candidates.
13. Wrong-doers were punished .
14. A lecture was delivered on women's rights by the students of our school.
15. We watered the saplings daily in summer season.
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          Past Continuous Tense

• Structure-:
• Object as sub. +Was/were+ being +V3+by+ subject as object
• Example-: Active voice-: He was wasting the money.
• Passive Voice-: The money was being wasted by him.
• 
  
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Links

Here are some links which may provide you other notes :-
http://gsssgoria.blogspot.com